Section: Social Complexity / Specialized Buildings
Variable: Irrigation System (All coded records)
Talking about Specialized Buildings, irrigation systems are polity owned (which includes owned by the community, or the state), NO_DESCRIPTIONS_IN_CODEBOOK  
Irrigation System
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Early Formative Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 1200 BCE 901 BCE
The irrigation canals excavated at Santa Clara Coatitlan, dating to approx. 900 BC is the earliest documented floodwater irrigation system in the Basin of Mexico NGA, [1] [2] [3] [4] although admittedly there were likely earlier systems that have not yet been discovered. They were discovered during a salvage excavation just north of Mexico City, with only several cuts of them being exposed, so their full extent is poorly understood. These channels run from a former incised seasonal torrent (barranca, which may itself have been modified) at approx 90 degrees, fanning out into to individual fields. It is unclear whether these are smaller channels that emanate from a larger canal, or whether each of them directly directly siphoned the barranca. Prior to construction, the area may have been exposed to erosive sheet flow from the barranca during heavy rain, which may suggest that the system was primarily aimed at mitigating the damaging effects of natural inundation. Since the ancient barranca was not excavated, it is unclear whether dams were used to control/manage flow, or whether they only funneled excess runoff. [1] [2]

[1]: Nichols, Deborah L. (1982) "A Middle Formative Irrigation System near Santa Clara Coatitlan in the Basin of Mexico." American Antiquity, 47(1): 133-144.

[2]: Doolittle, William E. (1990) Canal Irrigation in Prehistoric Mexico: The Sequence of Technological Change. Austin: University of Texas Press, p.22-5.

[3]: Nichols, Deborah L. (1987). "Risk and Agricultural Intensification during the Formative Period in the Northern Basin of Mexico." American Anthropologist 89(3): 596-616.

[4]: Nichols, Deborah L. (2015). "Intensive Agriculture and Early Complex Societies of the Basin of Mexico: The Formative Period." Ancient Mesoamerica 26(2): 407-21.


2 Early Formative Basin of Mexico present Confident 900 BCE 801 BCE
The irrigation canals excavated at Santa Clara Coatitlan, dating to approx. 900 BC is the earliest documented floodwater irrigation system in the Basin of Mexico NGA, [1] [2] [3] [4] although admittedly there were likely earlier systems that have not yet been discovered. They were discovered during a salvage excavation just north of Mexico City, with only several cuts of them being exposed, so their full extent is poorly understood. These channels run from a former incised seasonal torrent (barranca, which may itself have been modified) at approx 90 degrees, fanning out into to individual fields. It is unclear whether these are smaller channels that emanate from a larger canal, or whether each of them directly directly siphoned the barranca. Prior to construction, the area may have been exposed to erosive sheet flow from the barranca during heavy rain, which may suggest that the system was primarily aimed at mitigating the damaging effects of natural inundation. Since the ancient barranca was not excavated, it is unclear whether dams were used to control/manage flow, or whether they only funneled excess runoff. [1] [2]

[1]: Nichols, Deborah L. (1982) "A Middle Formative Irrigation System near Santa Clara Coatitlan in the Basin of Mexico." American Antiquity, 47(1): 133-144.

[2]: Doolittle, William E. (1990) Canal Irrigation in Prehistoric Mexico: The Sequence of Technological Change. Austin: University of Texas Press, p.22-5.

[3]: Nichols, Deborah L. (1987). "Risk and Agricultural Intensification during the Formative Period in the Northern Basin of Mexico." American Anthropologist 89(3): 596-616.

[4]: Nichols, Deborah L. (2015). "Intensive Agriculture and Early Complex Societies of the Basin of Mexico: The Formative Period." Ancient Mesoamerica 26(2): 407-21.


3 Hawaii II absent Confident 1200 CE 1390 CE
This was the period during which intensive irrigation began. It continued to be expanded and intensified into the historical period [1] . However, for environmental reasons, the Big Island did not have as extensive irrigation as the other islands in the Hawaiian archipelago [2] . According to oral history, two men from a chiefly lineage were exiled from O’ahu and traveled to the Big Island, bringing with them their knowledge of irrigation. They used their knowledge to develop irrigation in the valley of Waipi’o, but their works were soon destroyed by a flood [3] . Oral history more generally states that irrigation began to intensify c. 1390CE, the end of the age of voyaging [4]

[1]: Kirch, P. V. 1985. Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pp. 223, 303.

[2]: Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 295.

[3]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 85.

[4]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 92.


4 Hawaii II present Confident 1390 CE 1580 CE
This was the period during which intensive irrigation began. It continued to be expanded and intensified into the historical period [1] . However, for environmental reasons, the Big Island did not have as extensive irrigation as the other islands in the Hawaiian archipelago [2] . According to oral history, two men from a chiefly lineage were exiled from O’ahu and traveled to the Big Island, bringing with them their knowledge of irrigation. They used their knowledge to develop irrigation in the valley of Waipi’o, but their works were soon destroyed by a flood [3] . Oral history more generally states that irrigation began to intensify c. 1390CE, the end of the age of voyaging [4]

[1]: Kirch, P. V. 1985. Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pp. 223, 303.

[2]: Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 295.

[3]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 85.

[4]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 92.


5 Spanish Empire II present Confident 1716 CE 1814 CE
“In order to increase peasant landownership, the government attacked the Mesta and large landowners, and reforestation plans and irrigation schemes inevitably overruled traditional uses of Spain’s natural resources at the local level.”(Philips and Philips 2010: 190) Philips, William D. and Carla Rahn Philips. 2010. A Concise History of Spain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ZT84ZFTP
6 Soviet Union present Confident 1923 CE 1991 CE
Irrigation canals played an essential role in the Soviet conquest of Central Asia in the 20th century. From the time of Lenin onwards, Soviet authorities invested significant human and material capital to dig new irrigation channels in Central Asia’s arid deserts. [1]

[1]: Brite, Elizabeth Baker. “The Hydrosocial Empire: The Karakum River and the Soviet Conquest of Central Asia in the 20th Century.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 52 (December 1, 2018) Zotero link: 2WD5HEB4


7 Qin Empire present Confident 338 BCE 207 BCE
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8 Southern Song present Confident 1127 CE 1279 CE
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9 Eastern Zhou present Inferred 475 BCE 256 BCE
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10 Macedonian Empire present Confident 330 BCE 312 BCE
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11 Portuguese Empire - Early Modern present Confident 1640 CE 1806 CE
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12 Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty present Confident 1480 CE 1613 CE
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13 Khadga Dynasty present Confident 650 CE 700 CE
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14 Sena Dynasty present Confident 1095 CE 1245 CE
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15 Almoravids present Inferred 1035 CE 1150 CE
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16 Avar Khaganate unknown Suspected 586 CE 822 CE
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17 Axum II present Confident 350 CE 599 CE
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18 Axum III present Confident 600 CE 800 CE
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19 Bagan present Confident 1044 CE 1287 CE
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20 Banu Ghaniya unknown Suspected 1126 CE 1227 CE
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21 Chandela Kingdom present Confident 950 CE 1308 CE
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22 Chaulukya Dynasty present Confident 941 CE 1245 CE
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23 Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period present Confident 740 BCE 489 BCE
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24 Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period present Inferred 488 BCE 223 BCE
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25 Duchy of Aquitaine I present Confident 602 CE 768 CE
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26 Early Greater Coclé absent Confident 200 CE 700 CE
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27 Idrisids uncoded Undecided 789 CE 917 CE
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28 Kakatiya Dynasty present Confident 1175 CE 1324 CE
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29 Kangju present Confident 150 BCE 350 CE
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30 Karkota Dynasty present Confident 625 CE 1339 CE
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31 Kazan Khanate unknown Suspected 1438 CE 1552 CE
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32 Kingdom of Congo unknown Suspected 1491 CE 1568 CE
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33 Kingdom of Georgia II present Inferred 975 CE 1243 CE
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34 La Mula-Sarigua absent Confident 1300 BCE 200 CE
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35 Late Greater Coclé absent Confident 1000 CE 1515 CE
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36 Later Qin Kingdom present Inferred 386 CE 417 CE
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37 Maitraka Dynasty present Confident 470 CE 790 CE
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38 Makuria Kingdom I present Confident 568 CE 618 CE
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39 Makuria Kingdom II present Inferred 619 CE 849 CE
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40 Makuria Kingdom III present Inferred 850 CE 1099 CE
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41 Malacca Sultanate unknown Suspected 1270 CE 1415 CE
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42 Mauretania present Inferred 125 BCE 44 CE
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43 Median Persian Empire present Inferred 715 BCE 550 BCE
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44 Middle Greater Coclé absent Confident 700 CE 1000 CE
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45 Monagrillo absent Confident 3000 BCE 1300 BCE
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46 Numidia present Inferred 220 BCE 46 BCE
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47 Ottoman Empire Late Period present Confident 1873 CE 1920 CE
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48 Sharqi present Confident 1394 CE 1479 CE
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49 Songhai Empire present Inferred 1376 CE 1493 CE
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50 Southern Qi State present Inferred 479 CE 502 CE
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51 Sukhotai present Inferred 1238 CE 1419 CE
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52 Tahert present Inferred 761 CE 909 CE
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53 Tlemcen unknown Suspected 1235 CE 1554 CE
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54 Tuyuhun uncoded Undecided 300 CE 663 CE
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55 Viet Baiyu Kingdom present Confident 332 BCE 109 BCE
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56 Xixia present Confident 1032 CE 1227 CE
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57 Yueban unknown Suspected 350 CE 450 CE
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58 Zagwe unknown Suspected 1137 CE 1269 CE
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59 Zirids unknown Suspected 973 CE 1148 CE
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60 Yadava-Varman Dynasty present Confident 1080 CE 1150 CE
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61 * Norman England absent Suspected 1066 CE 1153 CE
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62 Ostrogothic Kingdom present Confident 489 CE 554 CE
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63 Aztec Empire present Confident 1427 CE 1526 CE
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64 Classic Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 100 CE 649 CE
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65 Epiclassic Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 650 CE 899 CE
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66 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I absent Confident 750 CE 900 CE
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67 Neolithic Yemen unknown Confident 3500 BCE 1201 BCE
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68 Late Qing present Confident 1796 CE 1912 CE
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69 Western Han Empire present Confident 202 BCE 9 CE
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70 Western Zhou present Confident 1122 BCE 771 BCE
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71 Sui Dynasty present Confident 581 CE 618 CE
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72 Yangshao unknown Suspected 5000 BCE 3000 BCE
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73 Badarian absent Inferred 4400 BCE 3800 BCE
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74 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period present Inferred 404 BCE 342 BCE
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75 Egypt - Saite Period present Confident 664 BCE 525 BCE
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76 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon unknown Suspected 1660 CE 1815 CE
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77 Hallstatt B2-3 unknown Suspected 900 BCE 700 BCE
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78 La Tene B2-C1 unknown Suspected 325 BCE 175 BCE
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79 British Empire II present Confident 1850 CE 1968 CE
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80 Great Yuan present Confident 1271 CE 1368 CE
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81 Late A'chik absent Confident 1867 CE 1956 CE
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82 Anurādhapura III present Confident 428 CE 614 CE
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83 Eastern Han Empire present Confident 25 CE 220 CE
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84 Erlitou unknown Suspected 1850 BCE 1600 BCE
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85 Jin present Confident 780 BCE 404 BCE
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86 Jin Dynasty present Confident 1115 CE 1234 CE
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87 Great Ming present Confident 1368 CE 1644 CE
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88 Napoleonic France present Confident 1816 CE 1870 CE
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89 Kingdom of the Huns absent Inferred 376 CE 469 CE
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90 Plantagenet England unknown Suspected 1154 CE 1485 CE
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91 Lombard Kingdom unknown Suspected 568 CE 774 CE
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92 Tudor and Early Stuart England unknown Suspected 1486 CE 1689 CE
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93 Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II present Confident 1649 CE 1918 CE
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94 Egypt - Dynasty I present Confident 3100 BCE 2900 BCE
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95 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III present Inferred 1412 CE 1517 CE
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96 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period present Confident 1293 BCE 1070 BCE
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97 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom present Inferred 2350 BCE 2150 BCE
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98 Ptolemaic Kingdom II present Confident 217 BCE 30 BCE
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99 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period present Inferred 1069 BCE 747 BCE
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100 Atlantic Complex present Inferred 2200 BCE 1000 BCE
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101 Beaker Culture present Inferred 3200 BCE 2000 BCE
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102 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon present Confident 1589 CE 1660 CE
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103 Proto-French Kingdom present Confident 987 CE 1150 CE
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104 Carolingian Empire I absent Inferred 752 CE 840 CE
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105 Carolingian Empire II present Confident 840 CE 987 CE
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106 Middle Merovingian present Inferred 543 CE 687 CE
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107 French Kingdom - Early Valois present Confident 1328 CE 1450 CE
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108 Khanate of Bukhara present Confident 1599 CE 1747 CE
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109 Archaic Crete present Confident 710 BCE 500 BCE
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110 Classical Crete present Confident 500 BCE 323 BCE
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111 Geometric Crete present Confident 1000 BCE 710 BCE
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112 Hellenistic Crete present Confident 323 BCE 69 BCE
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113 New Palace Crete present Confident 1700 BCE 1450 BCE
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114 Old Palace Crete unknown Suspected 1900 BCE 1700 BCE
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115 Prepalatial Crete unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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116 Iban - Pre-Brooke absent Confident 1650 CE 1841 CE
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117 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial absent Confident 1841 CE 1987 CE
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118 Mataram Sultanate unknown Suspected 1568 CE 1755 CE
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119 Deccan - Neolithic unknown Suspected 2700 BCE 1200 BCE
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120 Chalcolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 601 BCE
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121 Neolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected 7000 BCE 3001 BCE
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122 Bazi Dynasty present Confident 1005 BCE 986 BCE
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123 Dynasty of E present Confident 979 BCE 732 BCE
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124 Ak Koyunlu unknown Suspected 1339 CE 1501 CE
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125 Elam - Kidinuid Period unknown Suspected 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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126 Elam - Igihalkid Period unknown Suspected 1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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127 Elam III unknown Suspected 612 BCE 539 BCE
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128 The Emirate of Crete present Inferred 824 CE 961 CE
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129 Java - Buni Culture present Inferred 400 BCE 500 CE
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130 Kediri Kingdom present Confident 1049 CE 1222 CE
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131 Medang Kingdom present Confident 732 CE 1019 CE
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132 Yehuda present Confident 141 BCE 63 BCE
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133 Yisrael unknown Confident 1030 BCE 722 BCE
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134 Gupta Empire present Confident 320 CE 550 CE
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135 Kadamba Empire unknown Suspected 345 CE 550 CE
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136 Mughal Empire present Confident 1526 CE 1858 CE
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137 Satavahana Empire present Confident 100 BCE 200 CE
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138 Abbasid Caliphate II present Inferred 1191 CE 1258 CE
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139 Amorite Babylonia present Confident 2000 BCE 1600 BCE
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140 Early Dynastic present Confident 2900 BCE 2500 BCE
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141 Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic absent Inferred 9000 BCE 5501 BCE
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142 Ubaid present Confident 5500 BCE 4201 BCE
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143 Ur - Dynasty III present Confident 2112 BCE 2004 BCE
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144 Uruk present Confident 4000 BCE 2900 BCE
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145 Formative Period absent Inferred 7200 BCE 7000 BCE
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146 Elam - Shutrukid Period present Inferred 1199 BCE 1100 BCE
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147 Papal States - Early Modern Period I present Confident 1527 CE 1648 CE
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148 Papal States - Early Modern Period II present Confident 1648 CE 1809 CE
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149 Exarchate of Ravenna present Confident 568 CE 751 CE
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150 Kansai - Yayoi Period present Confident 300 BCE 250 CE
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151 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected 500 BCE 224 CE
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152 Bamana kingdom unknown Suspected 1712 CE 1861 CE
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153 Eastern Turk Khaganate unknown Suspected 583 CE 630 CE
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154 Khitan I unknown Suspected 907 CE 1125 CE
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155 Early Mongols absent Confident 1000 CE 1206 CE
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156 Second Turk Khaganate absent Inferred 682 CE 744 CE
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157 Elam - Late Sukkalmah present Inferred 1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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158 Susa II present Confident 3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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159 Latium - Bronze Age absent Inferred 1800 BCE 900 BCE
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160 Early Roman Republic absent Confident 509 BCE 264 BCE
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161 Late Roman Republic present Confident 133 BCE 31 BCE
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162 Middle Roman Republic present Confident 264 BCE 133 BCE
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163 Republic of St Peter I present Confident 711 CE 904 CE
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164 Asuka present Confident 538 CE 710 CE
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165 Heian present Confident 794 CE 1185 CE
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166 Japan - Late Jomon absent Inferred 2500 BCE 1200 BCE
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167 Warring States Japan unknown Suspected 1467 CE 1568 CE
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168 Tokugawa Shogunate present Confident 1603 CE 1868 CE
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169 Early Angkor present Confident 802 CE 1100 CE
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170 Khmer Kingdom present Confident 1432 CE 1594 CE
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171 Funan I present Confident 225 CE 540 CE
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172 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected 1200 BCE 501 BCE
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173 Phoenician Empire present Inferred 1200 BCE 332 BCE
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174 Jenne-jeno I absent Inferred 250 BCE 49 CE
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175 Mali Empire present Inferred 1230 CE 1410 CE
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176 Late Mongols present Inferred 1368 CE 1690 CE
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177 Xianbei Confederation absent Confident 100 CE 250 CE
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178 Late Xiongnu absent Confident 60 BCE 100 CE
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179 Later Wagadu Empire present Confident 1078 CE 1203 CE
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180 Toltecs unknown Suspected 900 CE 1199 CE
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181 Late Cappadocia present Inferred 330 BCE 16 CE
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182 East Roman Empire present Confident 395 CE 631 CE
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183 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident 7000 BCE 6600 BCE
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184 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic absent Confident 6600 BCE 6000 BCE
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185 Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy unknown Suspected 1300 CE 1565 CE
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186 Cahokia - Early Woodland absent Confident 600 BCE 150 BCE
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187 Cahokia - Late Woodland II absent Confident 450 CE 600 CE
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188 Cahokia - Middle Woodland absent Confident 150 BCE 300 CE
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189 Cahokia - Late Woodland III absent Confident 600 CE 750 CE
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190 Cahokia - Late Woodland I absent Confident 300 CE 450 CE
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191 Monte Alban IIIB and IV present Confident 500 CE 900 CE
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192 Initial Formative Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 2000 BCE 1201 BCE
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193 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas absent Confident 1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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194 Kingdom of Norway II absent Confident 1262 CE 1396 CE
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195 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I present Confident 200 CE 499 CE
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196 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II present Confident 500 CE 649 CE
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197 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic absent Inferred 7500 BCE 5500 BCE
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198 Indo-Greek Kingdom present Confident 180 BCE 10 BCE
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199 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period present Confident 1300 BCE 500 BCE
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200 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II absent Inferred 2100 BCE 1800 BCE
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201 Umayyad Caliphate present Confident 661 CE 750 CE
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202 Fatimid Caliphate present Confident 909 CE 1171 CE
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203 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II present Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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204 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia present Confident 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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205 Hatti - New Kingdom present Confident 1400 BCE 1180 BCE
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206 Hatti - Old Kingdom present Confident 1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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207 Lysimachus Kingdom present Inferred 323 BCE 281 BCE
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208 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms present Inferred 1180 BCE 900 BCE
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209 Ottoman Emirate present Inferred 1299 CE 1402 CE
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210 Ottoman Empire I present Inferred 1402 CE 1517 CE
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211 Roman Empire - Dominate present Confident 285 CE 394 CE
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212 Cahokia - Moorehead absent Confident 1200 CE 1275 CE
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213 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II absent Confident 900 CE 1049 CE
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214 Samanid Empire present Confident 819 CE 999 CE
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215 Rasulid Dynasty present Inferred 1229 CE 1453 CE
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216 Durrani Empire present Confident 1747 CE 1826 CE
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217 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom present Confident 256 BCE 125 BCE
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218 Hephthalites present Inferred 408 CE 561 CE
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219 Kidarite Kingdom present Inferred 388 CE 477 CE
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220 Neo-Babylonian Empire present Confident 626 BCE 539 BCE
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221 Kushan Empire present Confident 35 CE 319 CE
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222 Tocharians present Confident 129 BCE 29 CE
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223 Western Jin present Inferred 265 CE 317 CE
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224 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I present Confident 1260 CE 1348 CE
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225 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II present Confident 1348 CE 1412 CE
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226 Erligang present Inferred 1650 BCE 1250 BCE
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227 Akan - Pre-Ashanti absent Confident 1501 CE 1701 CE
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228 Ashanti Empire absent Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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229 Latium - Iron Age unknown Suspected 1000 BCE 580 BCE
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230 Yemen - Era of Warlords present Confident 1038 CE 1174 CE
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231 Hmong - Early Chinese absent Confident 1895 CE 1941 CE
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232 Shuar - Colonial absent Confident 1534 CE 1830 CE
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233 Hmong - Late Qing present Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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234 Northern Song present Confident 960 CE 1127 CE
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235 Northern Wei present Inferred 386 CE 534 CE
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236 * Ottoman Empire IV present Confident 1839 CE 1922 CE
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237 * East Francia present Suspected 842 CE 919 CE
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238 Early Qing present Confident 1644 CE 1796 CE
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239 Late Shang present Confident 1250 BCE 1045 BCE
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240 Tang Dynasty I present Inferred 617 CE 763 CE
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241 Tang Dynasty II present Inferred 763 CE 907 CE
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242 Early Wei Dynasty present Inferred 445 BCE 225 BCE
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243 Neguanje absent Inferred 250 CE 1050 CE
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244 Hawaii I absent Inferred 1000 CE 1200 CE
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245 Tairona present Confident 1050 CE 1524 CE
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246 Rome - Republic of St Peter II present Inferred 904 CE 1198 CE
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247 Shuar - Ecuadorian absent Confident 1831 CE 1931 CE
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248 Ayyubid Sultanate present Confident 1171 CE 1250 CE
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249 Egypt - Dynasty II present Confident 2900 BCE 2687 BCE
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250 Egypt - Middle Kingdom present Confident 2016 BCE 1700 BCE
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251 Naqada I present Inferred 3800 BCE 3550 BCE
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252 Japan - Middle Jomon absent Inferred 3500 BCE 2500 BCE
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253 Naqada II unknown Suspected 3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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254 Kara-Khanids present Confident 950 CE 1212 CE
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255 Egypt - Dynasty 0 present Inferred 3300 BCE 3100 BCE
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256 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period present Confident 1550 BCE 1293 BCE
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257 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom present Inferred 2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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258 Ptolemaic Kingdom I present Confident 305 BCE 217 BCE
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259 Egypt - Period of the Regions present Inferred 2150 BCE 2016 BCE
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260 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period absent Inferred 1720 BCE 1567 BCE
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261 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period present Confident 868 CE 969 CE
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262 Spanish Empire I present Confident 1516 CE 1715 CE
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263 Japan - Final Jomon absent Inferred 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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264 Axum I present Confident 149 BCE 349 CE
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265 Chuuk - Early Truk absent Confident 1775 CE 1886 CE
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266 Chuuk - Late Truk absent Confident 1886 CE 1948 CE
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267 French Kingdom - Late Capetian present Confident 1150 CE 1328 CE
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268 Hallstatt A-B1 unknown Suspected 1000 BCE 900 BCE
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269 Hallstatt C unknown Suspected 700 BCE 600 BCE
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270 Hallstatt D unknown Suspected 600 BCE 475 BCE
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271 Early Merovingian present Confident 481 CE 543 CE
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272 Proto-Carolingian present Inferred 687 CE 751 CE
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273 La Tene A-B1 unknown Suspected 475 BCE 325 BCE
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274 La Tene C2-D unknown Suspected 175 BCE 27 BCE
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275 French Kingdom - Late Valois present Confident 1450 CE 1589 CE
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276 Hawaii III present Confident 1580 CE 1778 CE
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277 Kalingga Kingdom present Inferred 500 CE 732 CE
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278 Majapahit Kingdom present Confident 1292 CE 1518 CE
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279 Canaan present Confident 2000 BCE 1175 BCE
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280 Chalukyas of Badami present Confident 543 CE 753 CE
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281 Chalukyas of Kalyani present Confident 973 CE 1189 CE
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282 Deccan - Iron Age present Confident 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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283 Post-Mauryan Kingdoms present Inferred 205 BCE 101 BCE
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284 Delhi Sultanate present Confident 1206 CE 1526 CE
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285 Neo-Assyrian Empire present Inferred 911 BCE 612 BCE
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286 Early A'chik absent Confident 1775 CE 1867 CE
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287 Hoysala Kingdom present Confident 1108 CE 1346 CE
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288 Kampili Kingdom present Confident 1280 CE 1327 CE
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289 Mahajanapada era present Confident 600 BCE 324 BCE
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290 Magadha - Maurya Empire present Confident 324 BCE 187 BCE
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291 Rashtrakuta Empire present Confident 753 CE 973 CE
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292 Vijayanagara Empire present Confident 1336 CE 1646 CE
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293 Abbasid Caliphate I present Confident 750 CE 946 CE
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294 Akkadian Empire present Confident 2270 BCE 2083 BCE
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295 Kassite Babylonia present Confident 1595 BCE 1150 BCE
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296 Second Dynasty of Isin present Confident 1153 BCE 1027 BCE
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297 Isin-Larsa present Confident 2004 BCE 1763 BCE
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298 Achaemenid Empire present Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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299 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar absent Inferred 7000 BCE 6000 BCE
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300 Elam - Awan Dynasty I present Confident 2675 BCE 2100 BCE
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301 Buyid Confederation present Confident 932 CE 1062 CE
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302 Elam - Crisis Period absent Inferred 1100 BCE 900 BCE
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303 Elymais II present Confident 25 CE 215 CE
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304 Kamakura Shogunate present Confident 1185 CE 1333 CE
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305 Ilkhanate present Confident 1256 CE 1339 CE
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306 Ottoman Empire II present Confident 1517 CE 1683 CE
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307 Susiana A present Confident Uncertain 6000 BCE 5700 BCE
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308 Susiana A absent Confident Uncertain 6000 BCE 5700 BCE
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309 Susiana B present Confident 5700 BCE 5100 BCE
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310 Susiana - Late Ubaid present Inferred 4700 BCE 4300 BCE
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311 Susa I present Inferred 4300 BCE 3800 BCE
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312 Papal States - High Medieval Period present Confident 1198 CE 1309 CE
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313 Susiana - Early Ubaid present Inferred 5100 BCE 4700 BCE
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314 Elam I present Inferred 900 BCE 744 BCE
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315 Elam II present Inferred 743 BCE 647 BCE
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316 Parthian Empire I present Confident 247 BCE 40 CE
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317 Parthian Empire II present Confident 41 CE 226 CE
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318 Pre-Ceramic Period absent Inferred 7800 BCE 7200 BCE
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319 Safavid Empire present Inferred 1501 CE 1722 CE
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320 Susa III present Confident 3100 BCE 2675 BCE
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321 Icelandic Commonwealth absent Confident 930 CE 1262 CE
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322 Sasanid Empire I present Confident 205 CE 487 CE
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323 Sasanid Empire II present Confident 488 CE 642 CE
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324 Seleucids present Confident 312 BCE 63 BCE
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325 Seljuk Sultanate present Confident 1037 CE 1157 CE
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326 Elam - Shimashki Period present Confident 2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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327 Elam - Early Sukkalmah present Confident 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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328 Latium - Copper Age absent Inferred 3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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329 Papal States - Renaissance Period present Confident 1378 CE 1527 CE
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330 Roman Empire - Principate present Confident 31 BCE 284 CE
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331 Roman Kingdom absent Inferred 716 BCE 509 BCE
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332 Republic of Venice III present Inferred 1204 CE 1563 CE
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333 Republic of Venice IV present Inferred 1564 CE 1797 CE
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334 Ashikaga Shogunate present Confident 1336 CE 1467 CE
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335 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama present Confident 1568 CE 1603 CE
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336 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Inferred 13600 BCE 9200 BCE
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337 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Inferred 9200 BCE 5300 BCE
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338 Japan - Early Jomon absent Inferred 5300 BCE 3500 BCE
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339 Kansai - Kofun Period present Confident 250 CE 537 CE
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340 Nara Kingdom present Confident 710 CE 794 CE
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341 Western Turk Khaganate present Inferred 582 CE 630 CE
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342 Classical Angkor present Confident 1100 CE 1220 CE
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343 Late Angkor present Inferred 1220 CE 1432 CE
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344 Chenla present Confident 550 CE 825 CE
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345 Funan II present Confident 540 CE 640 CE
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346 Andronovo present Confident 1800 BCE 1200 BCE
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347 Saadi Sultanate present Confident 1554 CE 1659 CE
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348 Jenne-jeno II absent Confident 50 CE 399 CE
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349 Jenne-jeno III present Confident 400 CE 899 CE
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350 Jenne-jeno IV present Confident 900 CE 1300 CE
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351 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty present Inferred 1493 CE 1591 CE
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352 Mongol Empire present Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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353 Rouran Khaganate unknown Suspected 300 CE 555 CE
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354 Uigur Khaganate present Confident 745 CE 840 CE
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355 Early Xiongnu absent Inferred 1400 BCE 300 BCE
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356 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation absent Confident 209 BCE 60 BCE
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357 Zungharian Empire present Confident 1670 CE 1757 CE
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358 Middle Wagadu Empire present Confident 700 CE 1077 CE
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359 Early Monte Alban I absent Confident 500 BCE 300 BCE
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360 Monte Alban Late I present Confident 300 BCE 100 BCE
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361 Monte Alban II present Confident 100 BCE 200 CE
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362 Monte Alban III present Confident 200 CE 500 CE
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363 Archaic Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 6000 BCE 2001 BCE
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364 Late Formative Basin of Mexico present Confident 400 BCE 101 BCE
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365 Middle Formative Basin of Mexico present Confident 800 BCE 401 BCE
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366 Kingdom of Nyinginya absent Confident 1650 CE 1897 CE
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367 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico present Confident 100 BCE 99 CE
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368 Oaxaca - Rosario absent Confident 700 BCE 500 BCE
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369 Oaxaca - San Jose absent Confident 1150 BCE 700 BCE
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370 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I present Confident 1000 CE 1250 CE
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371 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II present Confident 1250 CE 1400 CE
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372 Cuzco - Late Formative present Inferred 500 BCE 200 CE
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373 Inca Empire present Confident 1375 CE 1532 CE
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374 Wari Empire present Confident 650 CE 999 CE
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375 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial absent Confident 1734 CE 1883 CE
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376 Byzantine Empire III present Confident 1073 CE 1204 CE
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377 Orokaiva - Colonial absent Confident 1884 CE 1942 CE
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378 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic present Confident Disputed 5500 BCE 4000 BCE
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379 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident Disputed 5500 BCE 4000 BCE
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380 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic present Inferred 4000 BCE 3200 BCE
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381 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period absent Inferred 1800 BCE 1300 BCE
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382 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period present Inferred 3200 BCE 2500 BCE
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383 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period present Confident 854 CE 1193 CE
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384 Sind - Samma Dynasty present Confident 1335 CE 1521 CE
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385 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I absent Inferred 2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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386 Byzantine Empire II present Confident 867 CE 1072 CE
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387 Sakha - Early absent Confident 1400 CE 1632 CE
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388 Sakha - Late absent Confident 1632 CE 1900 CE
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389 Egypt - Kushite Period present Confident 747 BCE 656 BCE
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390 Ayutthaya present Confident 1593 CE 1767 CE
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391 Rattanakosin present Confident 1782 CE 1873 CE
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392 Sarazm present Inferred 3500 BCE 2000 BCE
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393 Byzantine Empire I present Inferred 632 CE 866 CE
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394 Chagatai Khanate present Inferred 1263 CE 1402 CE
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395 Ottoman Empire III present Confident 1683 CE 1839 CE
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396 Phrygian Kingdom present Confident 900 BCE 695 BCE
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397 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling absent Confident 1055 CE 1199 CE
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398 Early Illinois Confederation unknown Suspected 1640 CE 1717 CE
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399 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early absent Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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400 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late absent Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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401 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period present Confident 1778 CE 1819 CE
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402 Cahokia - Sand Prairie absent Confident 1275 CE 1400 CE
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403 Oneota absent Inferred 1400 CE 1650 CE
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404 Ancient Khwarazm present Confident 1000 BCE 521 BCE
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405 Koktepe I absent Confident 1400 BCE 1000 BCE
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406 Koktepe II present Confident 750 BCE 550 BCE
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407 Sogdiana - City-States Period present Confident 604 CE 711 CE
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408 Timurid Empire present Confident 1370 CE 1526 CE
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409 Himyar I present Confident 270 CE 340 CE
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410 Himyar II present Confident 378 CE 525 CE
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411 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty absent Confident 1637 CE 1805 CE
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412 Qatabanian Commonwealth present Confident 450 BCE 111 BCE
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413 Sabaean Commonwealth present Confident 800 BCE 451 BCE
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414 Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan present Confident 110 BCE 149 CE
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415 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty present Inferred 1454 CE 1517 CE
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416 Pandya Empire present Confident 1216 CE 1323 CE
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417 Dambadaneiya present Confident 1232 CE 1293 CE
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418 Anurādhapura IV present Confident 614 CE 1017 CE
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419 Polonnaruwa present Confident 1070 CE 1255 CE
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420 Great Zimbabwe absent Inferred 1270 CE 1550 CE
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421 Dutch Empire present Confident 1648 CE 1795 CE
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422 Anurādhapura II present Confident 70 CE 428 CE
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423 Kingdom of Jimma present Confident 1790 CE 1932 CE
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424 Ajuran Sultanate present Confident 1250 CE 1700 CE
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425 Early Cholas present Confident 300 BCE 300 CE
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426 Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom present Confident 1675 CE 1799 CE
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427 Early Pandyas present Confident 300 BCE 300 CE
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428 Late Pallava Empire present Confident 300 CE 890 CE
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429 Mutapa absent Inferred 1450 CE 1880 CE
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430 Anurādhapura I present Confident 300 BCE 70 CE
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431 Nayaks of Madurai present Inferred 1529 CE 1736 CE
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432 Middle and Late Nok absent Inferred 1500 BCE 901 BCE
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433 West Burkina Faso Yellow I absent Inferred 100 CE 500 CE
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434 Middle and Late Nok absent Inferred 900 BCE 0 CE
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435 West Burkina Faso Red II and III absent Inferred 1100 CE 1400 CE
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436 West Burkina Faso Red IV absent Inferred 1401 CE 1500 CE
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437 West Burkina Faso Red I absent Inferred 701 CE 1100 CE
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438 Kanem unknown Suspected 800 CE 1379 CE
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439 Oyo unknown Suspected 1300 CE 1535 CE
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440 Early United Mexican States present Confident 1810 CE 1920 CE
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441 Us Reconstruction-Progressive present Confident 1866 CE 1933 CE
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442 Late Tiwanaku present Confident 800 CE 1149 CE
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443 Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase present Confident 1101 CE 1140 CE
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444 Antebellum US present Confident 1776 CE 1865 CE
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445 Late Classic Tikal present Confident 555 CE 869 CE
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446 Khwarezmid Empire present Confident 1157 CE 1231 CE
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447 Hohokam Culture present Confident 300 CE 1500 CE
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448 Alaouite Dynasty I present Confident 1631 CE 1727 CE
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449 Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I present Confident 1454 CE 1648 CE
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450 Armenian Kingdom present Confident 188 BCE 6 CE
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451 Golden Horde present Confident 1240 CE 1440 CE
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452 Saffarid Caliphate present Confident 861 CE 1003 CE
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453 British Empire I present Confident 1690 CE 1849 CE
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454 Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period present Confident 1820 CE 1898 CE
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455 British Empire IIIIIIIIII present Confident 1850 CE 1968 CE
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456 Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty present Inferred 1310 CE 1526 CE
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457 Ghur Principality unknown Suspected 1025 CE 1215 CE
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458 Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty absent Inferred 919 CE 1125 CE
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459 Bengal Sultanate present Confident 1338 CE 1538 CE
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460 Peiligang unknown Suspected 7000 BCE 5001 BCE
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461 Chandra Dynasty present Confident 900 CE 1050 CE
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462 Deva Dynasty present Confident 1150 CE 1300 CE
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463 Gauda Kingdom present Confident 600 CE 625 CE
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