# | Polity | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | Edit | Desc |
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1 | Early Formative Basin of Mexico | unknown | Suspected | 1200 BCE 901 BCE | ||
The irrigation canals excavated at Santa Clara Coatitlan, dating to approx. 900 BC is the earliest documented floodwater irrigation system in the Basin of Mexico NGA,
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
although admittedly there were likely earlier systems that have not yet been discovered. They were discovered during a salvage excavation just north of Mexico City, with only several cuts of them being exposed, so their full extent is poorly understood. These channels run from a former incised seasonal torrent (barranca, which may itself have been modified) at approx 90 degrees, fanning out into to individual fields. It is unclear whether these are smaller channels that emanate from a larger canal, or whether each of them directly directly siphoned the barranca. Prior to construction, the area may have been exposed to erosive sheet flow from the barranca during heavy rain, which may suggest that the system was primarily aimed at mitigating the damaging effects of natural inundation. Since the ancient barranca was not excavated, it is unclear whether dams were used to control/manage flow, or whether they only funneled excess runoff.
[1]
[2]
[1]: Nichols, Deborah L. (1982) "A Middle Formative Irrigation System near Santa Clara Coatitlan in the Basin of Mexico." American Antiquity, 47(1): 133-144. [2]: Doolittle, William E. (1990) Canal Irrigation in Prehistoric Mexico: The Sequence of Technological Change. Austin: University of Texas Press, p.22-5. [3]: Nichols, Deborah L. (1987). "Risk and Agricultural Intensification during the Formative Period in the Northern Basin of Mexico." American Anthropologist 89(3): 596-616. [4]: Nichols, Deborah L. (2015). "Intensive Agriculture and Early Complex Societies of the Basin of Mexico: The Formative Period." Ancient Mesoamerica 26(2): 407-21. |
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2 | Early Formative Basin of Mexico | present | Confident | 900 BCE 801 BCE | ||
The irrigation canals excavated at Santa Clara Coatitlan, dating to approx. 900 BC is the earliest documented floodwater irrigation system in the Basin of Mexico NGA,
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
although admittedly there were likely earlier systems that have not yet been discovered. They were discovered during a salvage excavation just north of Mexico City, with only several cuts of them being exposed, so their full extent is poorly understood. These channels run from a former incised seasonal torrent (barranca, which may itself have been modified) at approx 90 degrees, fanning out into to individual fields. It is unclear whether these are smaller channels that emanate from a larger canal, or whether each of them directly directly siphoned the barranca. Prior to construction, the area may have been exposed to erosive sheet flow from the barranca during heavy rain, which may suggest that the system was primarily aimed at mitigating the damaging effects of natural inundation. Since the ancient barranca was not excavated, it is unclear whether dams were used to control/manage flow, or whether they only funneled excess runoff.
[1]
[2]
[1]: Nichols, Deborah L. (1982) "A Middle Formative Irrigation System near Santa Clara Coatitlan in the Basin of Mexico." American Antiquity, 47(1): 133-144. [2]: Doolittle, William E. (1990) Canal Irrigation in Prehistoric Mexico: The Sequence of Technological Change. Austin: University of Texas Press, p.22-5. [3]: Nichols, Deborah L. (1987). "Risk and Agricultural Intensification during the Formative Period in the Northern Basin of Mexico." American Anthropologist 89(3): 596-616. [4]: Nichols, Deborah L. (2015). "Intensive Agriculture and Early Complex Societies of the Basin of Mexico: The Formative Period." Ancient Mesoamerica 26(2): 407-21. |
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3 | Hawaii II | absent | Confident | 1200 CE 1390 CE | ||
This was the period during which intensive irrigation began. It continued to be expanded and intensified into the historical period
[1]
. However, for environmental reasons, the Big Island did not have as extensive irrigation as the other islands in the Hawaiian archipelago
[2]
. According to oral history, two men from a chiefly lineage were exiled from O’ahu and traveled to the Big Island, bringing with them their knowledge of irrigation. They used their knowledge to develop irrigation in the valley of Waipi’o, but their works were soon destroyed by a flood
[3]
. Oral history more generally states that irrigation began to intensify c. 1390CE, the end of the age of voyaging
[4]
[1]: Kirch, P. V. 1985. Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pp. 223, 303. [2]: Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 295. [3]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 85. [4]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 92. |
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4 | Hawaii II | present | Confident | 1390 CE 1580 CE | ||
This was the period during which intensive irrigation began. It continued to be expanded and intensified into the historical period
[1]
. However, for environmental reasons, the Big Island did not have as extensive irrigation as the other islands in the Hawaiian archipelago
[2]
. According to oral history, two men from a chiefly lineage were exiled from O’ahu and traveled to the Big Island, bringing with them their knowledge of irrigation. They used their knowledge to develop irrigation in the valley of Waipi’o, but their works were soon destroyed by a flood
[3]
. Oral history more generally states that irrigation began to intensify c. 1390CE, the end of the age of voyaging
[4]
[1]: Kirch, P. V. 1985. Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pp. 223, 303. [2]: Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 295. [3]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 85. [4]: Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 92. |
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5 | Spanish Empire II | present | Confident | 1716 CE 1814 CE | ||
“In order to increase peasant landownership, the government attacked the Mesta and large landowners, and reforestation plans and irrigation schemes inevitably overruled traditional uses of Spain’s natural resources at the local level.”(Philips and Philips 2010: 190) Philips, William D. and Carla Rahn Philips. 2010. A Concise History of Spain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ZT84ZFTP
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6 | Soviet Union | present | Confident | 1923 CE 1991 CE | ||
Irrigation canals played an essential role in the Soviet conquest of Central Asia in the 20th century. From the time of Lenin onwards, Soviet authorities invested significant human and material capital to dig new irrigation channels in Central Asia’s arid deserts.
[1]
[1]: Brite, Elizabeth Baker. “The Hydrosocial Empire: The Karakum River and the Soviet Conquest of Central Asia in the 20th Century.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 52 (December 1, 2018) Zotero link: 2WD5HEB4 |
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7 | Qin Empire | present | Confident | 338 BCE 207 BCE | ||
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8 | Southern Song | present | Confident | 1127 CE 1279 CE | ||
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9 | Eastern Zhou | present | Inferred | 475 BCE 256 BCE | ||
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10 | Macedonian Empire | present | Confident | 330 BCE 312 BCE | ||
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11 | Portuguese Empire - Early Modern | present | Confident | 1640 CE 1806 CE | ||
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12 | Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty | present | Confident | 1480 CE 1613 CE | ||
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13 | Khadga Dynasty | present | Confident | 650 CE 700 CE | ||
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14 | Sena Dynasty | present | Confident | 1095 CE 1245 CE | ||
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15 | Almoravids | present | Inferred | 1035 CE 1150 CE | ||
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16 | Avar Khaganate | unknown | Suspected | 586 CE 822 CE | ||
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17 | Axum II | present | Confident | 350 CE 599 CE | ||
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18 | Axum III | present | Confident | 600 CE 800 CE | ||
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19 | Bagan | present | Confident | 1044 CE 1287 CE | ||
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20 | Banu Ghaniya | unknown | Suspected | 1126 CE 1227 CE | ||
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21 | Chandela Kingdom | present | Confident | 950 CE 1308 CE | ||
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22 | Chaulukya Dynasty | present | Confident | 941 CE 1245 CE | ||
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23 | Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period | present | Confident | 740 BCE 489 BCE | ||
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24 | Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period | present | Inferred | 488 BCE 223 BCE | ||
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25 | Duchy of Aquitaine I | present | Confident | 602 CE 768 CE | ||
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26 | Early Greater Coclé | absent | Confident | 200 CE 700 CE | ||
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27 | Idrisids | uncoded | Undecided | 789 CE 917 CE | ||
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28 | Kakatiya Dynasty | present | Confident | 1175 CE 1324 CE | ||
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29 | Kangju | present | Confident | 150 BCE 350 CE | ||
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30 | Karkota Dynasty | present | Confident | 625 CE 1339 CE | ||
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31 | Kazan Khanate | unknown | Suspected | 1438 CE 1552 CE | ||
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32 | Kingdom of Congo | unknown | Suspected | 1491 CE 1568 CE | ||
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33 | Kingdom of Georgia II | present | Inferred | 975 CE 1243 CE | ||
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34 | La Mula-Sarigua | absent | Confident | 1300 BCE 200 CE | ||
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35 | Late Greater Coclé | absent | Confident | 1000 CE 1515 CE | ||
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36 | Later Qin Kingdom | present | Inferred | 386 CE 417 CE | ||
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37 | Maitraka Dynasty | present | Confident | 470 CE 790 CE | ||
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38 | Makuria Kingdom I | present | Confident | 568 CE 618 CE | ||
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39 | Makuria Kingdom II | present | Inferred | 619 CE 849 CE | ||
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40 | Makuria Kingdom III | present | Inferred | 850 CE 1099 CE | ||
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41 | Malacca Sultanate | unknown | Suspected | 1270 CE 1415 CE | ||
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42 | Mauretania | present | Inferred | 125 BCE 44 CE | ||
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43 | Median Persian Empire | present | Inferred | 715 BCE 550 BCE | ||
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44 | Middle Greater Coclé | absent | Confident | 700 CE 1000 CE | ||
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45 | Monagrillo | absent | Confident | 3000 BCE 1300 BCE | ||
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46 | Numidia | present | Inferred | 220 BCE 46 BCE | ||
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47 | Ottoman Empire Late Period | present | Confident | 1873 CE 1920 CE | ||
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48 | Sharqi | present | Confident | 1394 CE 1479 CE | ||
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49 | Songhai Empire | present | Inferred | 1376 CE 1493 CE | ||
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50 | Southern Qi State | present | Inferred | 479 CE 502 CE | ||
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51 | Sukhotai | present | Inferred | 1238 CE 1419 CE | ||
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52 | Tahert | present | Inferred | 761 CE 909 CE | ||
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53 | Tlemcen | unknown | Suspected | 1235 CE 1554 CE | ||
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54 | Tuyuhun | uncoded | Undecided | 300 CE 663 CE | ||
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55 | Viet Baiyu Kingdom | present | Confident | 332 BCE 109 BCE | ||
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56 | Xixia | present | Confident | 1032 CE 1227 CE | ||
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57 | Yueban | unknown | Suspected | 350 CE 450 CE | ||
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58 | Zagwe | unknown | Suspected | 1137 CE 1269 CE | ||
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59 | Zirids | unknown | Suspected | 973 CE 1148 CE | ||
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60 | Yadava-Varman Dynasty | present | Confident | 1080 CE 1150 CE | ||
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61 * | Norman England | absent | Suspected | 1066 CE 1153 CE | ||
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62 | Ostrogothic Kingdom | present | Confident | 489 CE 554 CE | ||
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63 | Aztec Empire | present | Confident | 1427 CE 1526 CE | ||
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64 | Classic Basin of Mexico | unknown | Suspected | 100 CE 649 CE | ||
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65 | Epiclassic Basin of Mexico | unknown | Suspected | 650 CE 899 CE | ||
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66 | Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I | absent | Confident | 750 CE 900 CE | ||
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67 | Neolithic Yemen | unknown | Confident | 3500 BCE 1201 BCE | ||
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68 | Late Qing | present | Confident | 1796 CE 1912 CE | ||
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69 | Western Han Empire | present | Confident | 202 BCE 9 CE | ||
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70 | Western Zhou | present | Confident | 1122 BCE 771 BCE | ||
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71 | Sui Dynasty | present | Confident | 581 CE 618 CE | ||
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72 | Yangshao | unknown | Suspected | 5000 BCE 3000 BCE | ||
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73 | Badarian | absent | Inferred | 4400 BCE 3800 BCE | ||
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74 | Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period | present | Inferred | 404 BCE 342 BCE | ||
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75 | Egypt - Saite Period | present | Confident | 664 BCE 525 BCE | ||
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76 | French Kingdom - Late Bourbon | unknown | Suspected | 1660 CE 1815 CE | ||
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77 | Hallstatt B2-3 | unknown | Suspected | 900 BCE 700 BCE | ||
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78 | La Tene B2-C1 | unknown | Suspected | 325 BCE 175 BCE | ||
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79 | British Empire II | present | Confident | 1850 CE 1968 CE | ||
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80 | Great Yuan | present | Confident | 1271 CE 1368 CE | ||
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81 | Late A'chik | absent | Confident | 1867 CE 1956 CE | ||
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82 | Anurādhapura III | present | Confident | 428 CE 614 CE | ||
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83 | Eastern Han Empire | present | Confident | 25 CE 220 CE | ||
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84 | Erlitou | unknown | Suspected | 1850 BCE 1600 BCE | ||
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85 | Jin | present | Confident | 780 BCE 404 BCE | ||
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86 | Jin Dynasty | present | Confident | 1115 CE 1234 CE | ||
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87 | Great Ming | present | Confident | 1368 CE 1644 CE | ||
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88 | Napoleonic France | present | Confident | 1816 CE 1870 CE | ||
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89 | Kingdom of the Huns | absent | Inferred | 376 CE 469 CE | ||
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90 | Plantagenet England | unknown | Suspected | 1154 CE 1485 CE | ||
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91 | Lombard Kingdom | unknown | Suspected | 568 CE 774 CE | ||
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92 | Tudor and Early Stuart England | unknown | Suspected | 1486 CE 1689 CE | ||
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93 | Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II | present | Confident | 1649 CE 1918 CE | ||
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94 | Egypt - Dynasty I | present | Confident | 3100 BCE 2900 BCE | ||
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95 | Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III | present | Inferred | 1412 CE 1517 CE | ||
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96 | Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period | present | Confident | 1293 BCE 1070 BCE | ||
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97 | Egypt - Late Old Kingdom | present | Inferred | 2350 BCE 2150 BCE | ||
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98 | Ptolemaic Kingdom II | present | Confident | 217 BCE 30 BCE | ||
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99 | Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period | present | Inferred | 1069 BCE 747 BCE | ||
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100 | Atlantic Complex | present | Inferred | 2200 BCE 1000 BCE | ||
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101 | Beaker Culture | present | Inferred | 3200 BCE 2000 BCE | ||
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102 | French Kingdom - Early Bourbon | present | Confident | 1589 CE 1660 CE | ||
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103 | Proto-French Kingdom | present | Confident | 987 CE 1150 CE | ||
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104 | Carolingian Empire I | absent | Inferred | 752 CE 840 CE | ||
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105 | Carolingian Empire II | present | Confident | 840 CE 987 CE | ||
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106 | Middle Merovingian | present | Inferred | 543 CE 687 CE | ||
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107 | French Kingdom - Early Valois | present | Confident | 1328 CE 1450 CE | ||
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108 | Khanate of Bukhara | present | Confident | 1599 CE 1747 CE | ||
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109 | Archaic Crete | present | Confident | 710 BCE 500 BCE | ||
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110 | Classical Crete | present | Confident | 500 BCE 323 BCE | ||
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111 | Geometric Crete | present | Confident | 1000 BCE 710 BCE | ||
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112 | Hellenistic Crete | present | Confident | 323 BCE 69 BCE | ||
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113 | New Palace Crete | present | Confident | 1700 BCE 1450 BCE | ||
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114 | Old Palace Crete | unknown | Suspected | 1900 BCE 1700 BCE | ||
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115 | Prepalatial Crete | unknown | Suspected | 3000 BCE 1900 BCE | ||
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116 | Iban - Pre-Brooke | absent | Confident | 1650 CE 1841 CE | ||
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117 | Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial | absent | Confident | 1841 CE 1987 CE | ||
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118 | Mataram Sultanate | unknown | Suspected | 1568 CE 1755 CE | ||
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119 | Deccan - Neolithic | unknown | Suspected | 2700 BCE 1200 BCE | ||
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120 | Chalcolithic Middle Ganga | unknown | Suspected | 3000 BCE 601 BCE | ||
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121 | Neolithic Middle Ganga | unknown | Suspected | 7000 BCE 3001 BCE | ||
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122 | Bazi Dynasty | present | Confident | 1005 BCE 986 BCE | ||
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123 | Dynasty of E | present | Confident | 979 BCE 732 BCE | ||
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124 | Ak Koyunlu | unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||
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125 | Elam - Kidinuid Period | unknown | Suspected | 1500 BCE 1400 BCE | ||
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126 | Elam - Igihalkid Period | unknown | Suspected | 1399 BCE 1200 BCE | ||
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127 | Elam III | unknown | Suspected | 612 BCE 539 BCE | ||
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128 | The Emirate of Crete | present | Inferred | 824 CE 961 CE | ||
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129 | Java - Buni Culture | present | Inferred | 400 BCE 500 CE | ||
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130 | Kediri Kingdom | present | Confident | 1049 CE 1222 CE | ||
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131 | Medang Kingdom | present | Confident | 732 CE 1019 CE | ||
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132 | Yehuda | present | Confident | 141 BCE 63 BCE | ||
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133 | Yisrael | unknown | Confident | 1030 BCE 722 BCE | ||
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134 | Gupta Empire | present | Confident | 320 CE 550 CE | ||
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135 | Kadamba Empire | unknown | Suspected | 345 CE 550 CE | ||
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136 | Mughal Empire | present | Confident | 1526 CE 1858 CE | ||
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137 | Satavahana Empire | present | Confident | 100 BCE 200 CE | ||
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138 | Abbasid Caliphate II | present | Inferred | 1191 CE 1258 CE | ||
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139 | Amorite Babylonia | present | Confident | 2000 BCE 1600 BCE | ||
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140 | Early Dynastic | present | Confident | 2900 BCE 2500 BCE | ||
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141 | Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic | absent | Inferred | 9000 BCE 5501 BCE | ||
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142 | Ubaid | present | Confident | 5500 BCE 4201 BCE | ||
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143 | Ur - Dynasty III | present | Confident | 2112 BCE 2004 BCE | ||
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144 | Uruk | present | Confident | 4000 BCE 2900 BCE | ||
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145 | Formative Period | absent | Inferred | 7200 BCE 7000 BCE | ||
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146 | Elam - Shutrukid Period | present | Inferred | 1199 BCE 1100 BCE | ||
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147 | Papal States - Early Modern Period I | present | Confident | 1527 CE 1648 CE | ||
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148 | Papal States - Early Modern Period II | present | Confident | 1648 CE 1809 CE | ||
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149 | Exarchate of Ravenna | present | Confident | 568 CE 751 CE | ||
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150 | Kansai - Yayoi Period | present | Confident | 300 BCE 250 CE | ||
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151 | Bronze Age Cambodia | unknown | Suspected | 500 BCE 224 CE | ||
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152 | Bamana kingdom | unknown | Suspected | 1712 CE 1861 CE | ||
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153 | Eastern Turk Khaganate | unknown | Suspected | 583 CE 630 CE | ||
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154 | Khitan I | unknown | Suspected | 907 CE 1125 CE | ||
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155 | Early Mongols | absent | Confident | 1000 CE 1206 CE | ||
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156 | Second Turk Khaganate | absent | Inferred | 682 CE 744 CE | ||
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157 | Elam - Late Sukkalmah | present | Inferred | 1700 BCE 1500 BCE | ||
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158 | Susa II | present | Confident | 3800 BCE 3100 BCE | ||
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159 | Latium - Bronze Age | absent | Inferred | 1800 BCE 900 BCE | ||
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160 | Early Roman Republic | absent | Confident | 509 BCE 264 BCE | ||
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161 | Late Roman Republic | present | Confident | 133 BCE 31 BCE | ||
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162 | Middle Roman Republic | present | Confident | 264 BCE 133 BCE | ||
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163 | Republic of St Peter I | present | Confident | 711 CE 904 CE | ||
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164 | Asuka | present | Confident | 538 CE 710 CE | ||
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165 | Heian | present | Confident | 794 CE 1185 CE | ||
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166 | Japan - Late Jomon | absent | Inferred | 2500 BCE 1200 BCE | ||
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167 | Warring States Japan | unknown | Suspected | 1467 CE 1568 CE | ||
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168 | Tokugawa Shogunate | present | Confident | 1603 CE 1868 CE | ||
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169 | Early Angkor | present | Confident | 802 CE 1100 CE | ||
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170 | Khmer Kingdom | present | Confident | 1432 CE 1594 CE | ||
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171 | Funan I | present | Confident | 225 CE 540 CE | ||
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172 | Bronze Age Cambodia | unknown | Suspected | 1200 BCE 501 BCE | ||
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173 | Phoenician Empire | present | Inferred | 1200 BCE 332 BCE | ||
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174 | Jenne-jeno I | absent | Inferred | 250 BCE 49 CE | ||
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175 | Mali Empire | present | Inferred | 1230 CE 1410 CE | ||
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176 | Late Mongols | present | Inferred | 1368 CE 1690 CE | ||
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177 | Xianbei Confederation | absent | Confident | 100 CE 250 CE | ||
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178 | Late Xiongnu | absent | Confident | 60 BCE 100 CE | ||
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179 | Later Wagadu Empire | present | Confident | 1078 CE 1203 CE | ||
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180 | Toltecs | unknown | Suspected | 900 CE 1199 CE | ||
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181 | Late Cappadocia | present | Inferred | 330 BCE 16 CE | ||
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182 | East Roman Empire | present | Confident | 395 CE 631 CE | ||
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183 | Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic | absent | Confident | 7000 BCE 6600 BCE | ||
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184 | Konya Plain - Late Neolithic | absent | Confident | 6600 BCE 6000 BCE | ||
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185 | Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy | unknown | Suspected | 1300 CE 1565 CE | ||
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186 | Cahokia - Early Woodland | absent | Confident | 600 BCE 150 BCE | ||
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187 | Cahokia - Late Woodland II | absent | Confident | 450 CE 600 CE | ||
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188 | Cahokia - Middle Woodland | absent | Confident | 150 BCE 300 CE | ||
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189 | Cahokia - Late Woodland III | absent | Confident | 600 CE 750 CE | ||
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190 | Cahokia - Late Woodland I | absent | Confident | 300 CE 450 CE | ||
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|
||||||
191 | Monte Alban IIIB and IV | present | Confident | 500 CE 900 CE | ||
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|
||||||
192 | Initial Formative Basin of Mexico | unknown | Suspected | 2000 BCE 1201 BCE | ||
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||||||
193 | Oaxaca - Tierras Largas | absent | Confident | 1400 BCE 1150 BCE | ||
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||||||
194 | Kingdom of Norway II | absent | Confident | 1262 CE 1396 CE | ||
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|
||||||
195 | Cuzco - Early Intermediate I | present | Confident | 200 CE 499 CE | ||
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|
||||||
196 | Cuzco - Early Intermediate II | present | Confident | 500 CE 649 CE | ||
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|
||||||
197 | Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic | absent | Inferred | 7500 BCE 5500 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
198 | Indo-Greek Kingdom | present | Confident | 180 BCE 10 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
199 | Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period | present | Confident | 1300 BCE 500 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
200 | Kachi Plain - Urban Period II | absent | Inferred | 2100 BCE 1800 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
201 | Umayyad Caliphate | present | Confident | 661 CE 750 CE | ||
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|
||||||
202 | Fatimid Caliphate | present | Confident | 909 CE 1171 CE | ||
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|
||||||
203 | Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II | present | Confident | 1500 BCE 1400 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
204 | Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia | present | Confident | 2000 BCE 1700 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
205 | Hatti - New Kingdom | present | Confident | 1400 BCE 1180 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
206 | Hatti - Old Kingdom | present | Confident | 1650 BCE 1500 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
207 | Lysimachus Kingdom | present | Inferred | 323 BCE 281 BCE | ||
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||||||
208 | Neo-Hittite Kingdoms | present | Inferred | 1180 BCE 900 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
209 | Ottoman Emirate | present | Inferred | 1299 CE 1402 CE | ||
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|
||||||
210 | Ottoman Empire I | present | Inferred | 1402 CE 1517 CE | ||
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|
||||||
211 | Roman Empire - Dominate | present | Confident | 285 CE 394 CE | ||
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|
||||||
212 | Cahokia - Moorehead | absent | Confident | 1200 CE 1275 CE | ||
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|
||||||
213 | Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II | absent | Confident | 900 CE 1049 CE | ||
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|
||||||
214 | Samanid Empire | present | Confident | 819 CE 999 CE | ||
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|
||||||
215 | Rasulid Dynasty | present | Inferred | 1229 CE 1453 CE | ||
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|
||||||
216 | Durrani Empire | present | Confident | 1747 CE 1826 CE | ||
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|
||||||
217 | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | present | Confident | 256 BCE 125 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
218 | Hephthalites | present | Inferred | 408 CE 561 CE | ||
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|
||||||
219 | Kidarite Kingdom | present | Inferred | 388 CE 477 CE | ||
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|
||||||
220 | Neo-Babylonian Empire | present | Confident | 626 BCE 539 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
221 | Kushan Empire | present | Confident | 35 CE 319 CE | ||
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|
||||||
222 | Tocharians | present | Confident | 129 BCE 29 CE | ||
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|
||||||
223 | Western Jin | present | Inferred | 265 CE 317 CE | ||
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|
||||||
224 | Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I | present | Confident | 1260 CE 1348 CE | ||
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|
||||||
225 | Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II | present | Confident | 1348 CE 1412 CE | ||
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|
||||||
226 | Erligang | present | Inferred | 1650 BCE 1250 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
227 | Akan - Pre-Ashanti | absent | Confident | 1501 CE 1701 CE | ||
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|
||||||
228 | Ashanti Empire | absent | Confident | 1701 CE 1895 CE | ||
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|
||||||
229 | Latium - Iron Age | unknown | Suspected | 1000 BCE 580 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
230 | Yemen - Era of Warlords | present | Confident | 1038 CE 1174 CE | ||
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|
||||||
231 | Hmong - Early Chinese | absent | Confident | 1895 CE 1941 CE | ||
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|
||||||
232 | Shuar - Colonial | absent | Confident | 1534 CE 1830 CE | ||
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|
||||||
233 | Hmong - Late Qing | present | Confident | 1701 CE 1895 CE | ||
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|
||||||
234 | Northern Song | present | Confident | 960 CE 1127 CE | ||
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|
||||||
235 | Northern Wei | present | Inferred | 386 CE 534 CE | ||
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|
||||||
236 * | Ottoman Empire IV | present | Confident | 1839 CE 1922 CE | ||
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|
||||||
237 * | East Francia | present | Suspected | 842 CE 919 CE | ||
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|
||||||
238 | Early Qing | present | Confident | 1644 CE 1796 CE | ||
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|
||||||
239 | Late Shang | present | Confident | 1250 BCE 1045 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
240 | Tang Dynasty I | present | Inferred | 617 CE 763 CE | ||
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|
||||||
241 | Tang Dynasty II | present | Inferred | 763 CE 907 CE | ||
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|
||||||
242 | Early Wei Dynasty | present | Inferred | 445 BCE 225 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
243 | Neguanje | absent | Inferred | 250 CE 1050 CE | ||
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|
||||||
244 | Hawaii I | absent | Inferred | 1000 CE 1200 CE | ||
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|
||||||
245 | Tairona | present | Confident | 1050 CE 1524 CE | ||
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|
||||||
246 | Rome - Republic of St Peter II | present | Inferred | 904 CE 1198 CE | ||
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|
||||||
247 | Shuar - Ecuadorian | absent | Confident | 1831 CE 1931 CE | ||
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|
||||||
248 | Ayyubid Sultanate | present | Confident | 1171 CE 1250 CE | ||
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|
||||||
249 | Egypt - Dynasty II | present | Confident | 2900 BCE 2687 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
250 | Egypt - Middle Kingdom | present | Confident | 2016 BCE 1700 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
251 | Naqada I | present | Inferred | 3800 BCE 3550 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
252 | Japan - Middle Jomon | absent | Inferred | 3500 BCE 2500 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
253 | Naqada II | unknown | Suspected | 3550 BCE 3300 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
254 | Kara-Khanids | present | Confident | 950 CE 1212 CE | ||
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|
||||||
255 | Egypt - Dynasty 0 | present | Inferred | 3300 BCE 3100 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
256 | Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period | present | Confident | 1550 BCE 1293 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
257 | Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom | present | Inferred | 2650 BCE 2350 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
258 | Ptolemaic Kingdom I | present | Confident | 305 BCE 217 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
259 | Egypt - Period of the Regions | present | Inferred | 2150 BCE 2016 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
260 | Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period | absent | Inferred | 1720 BCE 1567 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
261 | Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period | present | Confident | 868 CE 969 CE | ||
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|
||||||
262 | Spanish Empire I | present | Confident | 1516 CE 1715 CE | ||
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|
||||||
263 | Japan - Final Jomon | absent | Inferred | 1200 BCE 300 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
264 | Axum I | present | Confident | 149 BCE 349 CE | ||
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|
||||||
265 | Chuuk - Early Truk | absent | Confident | 1775 CE 1886 CE | ||
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|
||||||
266 | Chuuk - Late Truk | absent | Confident | 1886 CE 1948 CE | ||
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|
||||||
267 | French Kingdom - Late Capetian | present | Confident | 1150 CE 1328 CE | ||
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|
||||||
268 | Hallstatt A-B1 | unknown | Suspected | 1000 BCE 900 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
269 | Hallstatt C | unknown | Suspected | 700 BCE 600 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
270 | Hallstatt D | unknown | Suspected | 600 BCE 475 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
271 | Early Merovingian | present | Confident | 481 CE 543 CE | ||
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|
||||||
272 | Proto-Carolingian | present | Inferred | 687 CE 751 CE | ||
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|
||||||
273 | La Tene A-B1 | unknown | Suspected | 475 BCE 325 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
274 | La Tene C2-D | unknown | Suspected | 175 BCE 27 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
275 | French Kingdom - Late Valois | present | Confident | 1450 CE 1589 CE | ||
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|
||||||
276 | Hawaii III | present | Confident | 1580 CE 1778 CE | ||
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||||||
277 | Kalingga Kingdom | present | Inferred | 500 CE 732 CE | ||
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||||||
278 | Majapahit Kingdom | present | Confident | 1292 CE 1518 CE | ||
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||||||
279 | Canaan | present | Confident | 2000 BCE 1175 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
280 | Chalukyas of Badami | present | Confident | 543 CE 753 CE | ||
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|
||||||
281 | Chalukyas of Kalyani | present | Confident | 973 CE 1189 CE | ||
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|
||||||
282 | Deccan - Iron Age | present | Confident | 1200 BCE 300 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
283 | Post-Mauryan Kingdoms | present | Inferred | 205 BCE 101 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
284 | Delhi Sultanate | present | Confident | 1206 CE 1526 CE | ||
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|
||||||
285 | Neo-Assyrian Empire | present | Inferred | 911 BCE 612 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
286 | Early A'chik | absent | Confident | 1775 CE 1867 CE | ||
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|
||||||
287 | Hoysala Kingdom | present | Confident | 1108 CE 1346 CE | ||
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|
||||||
288 | Kampili Kingdom | present | Confident | 1280 CE 1327 CE | ||
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|
||||||
289 | Mahajanapada era | present | Confident | 600 BCE 324 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
290 | Magadha - Maurya Empire | present | Confident | 324 BCE 187 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
291 | Rashtrakuta Empire | present | Confident | 753 CE 973 CE | ||
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|
||||||
292 | Vijayanagara Empire | present | Confident | 1336 CE 1646 CE | ||
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|
||||||
293 | Abbasid Caliphate I | present | Confident | 750 CE 946 CE | ||
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|
||||||
294 | Akkadian Empire | present | Confident | 2270 BCE 2083 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
295 | Kassite Babylonia | present | Confident | 1595 BCE 1150 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
296 | Second Dynasty of Isin | present | Confident | 1153 BCE 1027 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
297 | Isin-Larsa | present | Confident | 2004 BCE 1763 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
298 | Achaemenid Empire | present | Confident | 550 BCE 331 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
299 | Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar | absent | Inferred | 7000 BCE 6000 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
300 | Elam - Awan Dynasty I | present | Confident | 2675 BCE 2100 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
301 | Buyid Confederation | present | Confident | 932 CE 1062 CE | ||
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|
||||||
302 | Elam - Crisis Period | absent | Inferred | 1100 BCE 900 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
303 | Elymais II | present | Confident | 25 CE 215 CE | ||
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|
||||||
304 | Kamakura Shogunate | present | Confident | 1185 CE 1333 CE | ||
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|
||||||
305 | Ilkhanate | present | Confident | 1256 CE 1339 CE | ||
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|
||||||
306 | Ottoman Empire II | present | Confident | 1517 CE 1683 CE | ||
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|
||||||
307 | Susiana A | present | Confident Uncertain | 6000 BCE 5700 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
308 | Susiana A | absent | Confident Uncertain | 6000 BCE 5700 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
309 | Susiana B | present | Confident | 5700 BCE 5100 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
310 | Susiana - Late Ubaid | present | Inferred | 4700 BCE 4300 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
311 | Susa I | present | Inferred | 4300 BCE 3800 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
312 | Papal States - High Medieval Period | present | Confident | 1198 CE 1309 CE | ||
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|
||||||
313 | Susiana - Early Ubaid | present | Inferred | 5100 BCE 4700 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
314 | Elam I | present | Inferred | 900 BCE 744 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
315 | Elam II | present | Inferred | 743 BCE 647 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
316 | Parthian Empire I | present | Confident | 247 BCE 40 CE | ||
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|
||||||
317 | Parthian Empire II | present | Confident | 41 CE 226 CE | ||
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|
||||||
318 | Pre-Ceramic Period | absent | Inferred | 7800 BCE 7200 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
319 | Safavid Empire | present | Inferred | 1501 CE 1722 CE | ||
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|
||||||
320 | Susa III | present | Confident | 3100 BCE 2675 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
321 | Icelandic Commonwealth | absent | Confident | 930 CE 1262 CE | ||
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|
||||||
322 | Sasanid Empire I | present | Confident | 205 CE 487 CE | ||
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|
||||||
323 | Sasanid Empire II | present | Confident | 488 CE 642 CE | ||
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|
||||||
324 | Seleucids | present | Confident | 312 BCE 63 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
325 | Seljuk Sultanate | present | Confident | 1037 CE 1157 CE | ||
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|
||||||
326 | Elam - Shimashki Period | present | Confident | 2028 BCE 1940 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
327 | Elam - Early Sukkalmah | present | Confident | 1900 BCE 1701 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
328 | Latium - Copper Age | absent | Inferred | 3600 BCE 1800 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
329 | Papal States - Renaissance Period | present | Confident | 1378 CE 1527 CE | ||
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|
||||||
330 | Roman Empire - Principate | present | Confident | 31 BCE 284 CE | ||
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|
||||||
331 | Roman Kingdom | absent | Inferred | 716 BCE 509 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
332 | Republic of Venice III | present | Inferred | 1204 CE 1563 CE | ||
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|
||||||
333 | Republic of Venice IV | present | Inferred | 1564 CE 1797 CE | ||
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|
||||||
334 | Ashikaga Shogunate | present | Confident | 1336 CE 1467 CE | ||
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|
||||||
335 | Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama | present | Confident | 1568 CE 1603 CE | ||
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|
||||||
336 | Japan - Incipient Jomon | absent | Inferred | 13600 BCE 9200 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
337 | Japan - Initial Jomon | absent | Inferred | 9200 BCE 5300 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
338 | Japan - Early Jomon | absent | Inferred | 5300 BCE 3500 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
339 | Kansai - Kofun Period | present | Confident | 250 CE 537 CE | ||
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|
||||||
340 | Nara Kingdom | present | Confident | 710 CE 794 CE | ||
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|
||||||
341 | Western Turk Khaganate | present | Inferred | 582 CE 630 CE | ||
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|
||||||
342 | Classical Angkor | present | Confident | 1100 CE 1220 CE | ||
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|
||||||
343 | Late Angkor | present | Inferred | 1220 CE 1432 CE | ||
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|
||||||
344 | Chenla | present | Confident | 550 CE 825 CE | ||
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|
||||||
345 | Funan II | present | Confident | 540 CE 640 CE | ||
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|
||||||
346 | Andronovo | present | Confident | 1800 BCE 1200 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
347 | Saadi Sultanate | present | Confident | 1554 CE 1659 CE | ||
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|
||||||
348 | Jenne-jeno II | absent | Confident | 50 CE 399 CE | ||
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|
||||||
349 | Jenne-jeno III | present | Confident | 400 CE 899 CE | ||
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|
||||||
350 | Jenne-jeno IV | present | Confident | 900 CE 1300 CE | ||
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|
||||||
351 | Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty | present | Inferred | 1493 CE 1591 CE | ||
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|
||||||
352 | Mongol Empire | present | Confident | 1206 CE 1368 CE | ||
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|
||||||
353 | Rouran Khaganate | unknown | Suspected | 300 CE 555 CE | ||
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|
||||||
354 | Uigur Khaganate | present | Confident | 745 CE 840 CE | ||
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|
||||||
355 | Early Xiongnu | absent | Inferred | 1400 BCE 300 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
356 | Xiongnu Imperial Confederation | absent | Confident | 209 BCE 60 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
357 | Zungharian Empire | present | Confident | 1670 CE 1757 CE | ||
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|
||||||
358 | Middle Wagadu Empire | present | Confident | 700 CE 1077 CE | ||
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|
||||||
359 | Early Monte Alban I | absent | Confident | 500 BCE 300 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
360 | Monte Alban Late I | present | Confident | 300 BCE 100 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
361 | Monte Alban II | present | Confident | 100 BCE 200 CE | ||
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|
||||||
362 | Monte Alban III | present | Confident | 200 CE 500 CE | ||
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|
||||||
363 | Archaic Basin of Mexico | absent | Inferred | 6000 BCE 2001 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
364 | Late Formative Basin of Mexico | present | Confident | 400 BCE 101 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
365 | Middle Formative Basin of Mexico | present | Confident | 800 BCE 401 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
366 | Kingdom of Nyinginya | absent | Confident | 1650 CE 1897 CE | ||
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|
||||||
367 | Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico | present | Confident | 100 BCE 99 CE | ||
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|
||||||
368 | Oaxaca - Rosario | absent | Confident | 700 BCE 500 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
369 | Oaxaca - San Jose | absent | Confident | 1150 BCE 700 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
370 | Cuzco - Late Intermediate I | present | Confident | 1000 CE 1250 CE | ||
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|
||||||
371 | Cuzco - Late Intermediate II | present | Confident | 1250 CE 1400 CE | ||
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|
||||||
372 | Cuzco - Late Formative | present | Inferred | 500 BCE 200 CE | ||
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|
||||||
373 | Inca Empire | present | Confident | 1375 CE 1532 CE | ||
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|
||||||
374 | Wari Empire | present | Confident | 650 CE 999 CE | ||
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|
||||||
375 | Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial | absent | Confident | 1734 CE 1883 CE | ||
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|
||||||
376 | Byzantine Empire III | present | Confident | 1073 CE 1204 CE | ||
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|
||||||
377 | Orokaiva - Colonial | absent | Confident | 1884 CE 1942 CE | ||
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|
||||||
378 | Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic | present | Confident Disputed | 5500 BCE 4000 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
379 | Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic | absent | Confident Disputed | 5500 BCE 4000 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
380 | Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic | present | Inferred | 4000 BCE 3200 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
381 | Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period | absent | Inferred | 1800 BCE 1300 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
382 | Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period | present | Inferred | 3200 BCE 2500 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
383 | Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period | present | Confident | 854 CE 1193 CE | ||
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|
||||||
384 | Sind - Samma Dynasty | present | Confident | 1335 CE 1521 CE | ||
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|
||||||
385 | Kachi Plain - Urban Period I | absent | Inferred | 2500 BCE 2100 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
386 | Byzantine Empire II | present | Confident | 867 CE 1072 CE | ||
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|
||||||
387 | Sakha - Early | absent | Confident | 1400 CE 1632 CE | ||
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|
||||||
388 | Sakha - Late | absent | Confident | 1632 CE 1900 CE | ||
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|
||||||
389 | Egypt - Kushite Period | present | Confident | 747 BCE 656 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
390 | Ayutthaya | present | Confident | 1593 CE 1767 CE | ||
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|
||||||
391 | Rattanakosin | present | Confident | 1782 CE 1873 CE | ||
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|
||||||
392 | Sarazm | present | Inferred | 3500 BCE 2000 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
393 | Byzantine Empire I | present | Inferred | 632 CE 866 CE | ||
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|
||||||
394 | Chagatai Khanate | present | Inferred | 1263 CE 1402 CE | ||
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|
||||||
395 | Ottoman Empire III | present | Confident | 1683 CE 1839 CE | ||
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|
||||||
396 | Phrygian Kingdom | present | Confident | 900 BCE 695 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
397 | Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling | absent | Confident | 1055 CE 1199 CE | ||
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|
||||||
398 | Early Illinois Confederation | unknown | Suspected | 1640 CE 1717 CE | ||
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|
||||||
399 | Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early | absent | Confident | 1566 CE 1713 CE | ||
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|
||||||
400 | Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late | absent | Confident | 1714 CE 1848 CE | ||
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|
||||||
401 | Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period | present | Confident | 1778 CE 1819 CE | ||
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|
||||||
402 | Cahokia - Sand Prairie | absent | Confident | 1275 CE 1400 CE | ||
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|
||||||
403 | Oneota | absent | Inferred | 1400 CE 1650 CE | ||
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|
||||||
404 | Ancient Khwarazm | present | Confident | 1000 BCE 521 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
405 | Koktepe I | absent | Confident | 1400 BCE 1000 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
406 | Koktepe II | present | Confident | 750 BCE 550 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
407 | Sogdiana - City-States Period | present | Confident | 604 CE 711 CE | ||
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|
||||||
408 | Timurid Empire | present | Confident | 1370 CE 1526 CE | ||
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|
||||||
409 | Himyar I | present | Confident | 270 CE 340 CE | ||
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|
||||||
410 | Himyar II | present | Confident | 378 CE 525 CE | ||
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|
||||||
411 | Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty | absent | Confident | 1637 CE 1805 CE | ||
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|
||||||
412 | Qatabanian Commonwealth | present | Confident | 450 BCE 111 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
413 | Sabaean Commonwealth | present | Confident | 800 BCE 451 BCE | ||
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|
||||||
414 | Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan | present | Confident | 110 BCE 149 CE | ||
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|
||||||
415 | Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty | present | Inferred | 1454 CE 1517 CE | ||
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|
||||||
416 | Pandya Empire | present | Confident | 1216 CE 1323 CE | ||
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|
||||||
417 | Dambadaneiya | present | Confident | 1232 CE 1293 CE | ||
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|
||||||
418 | Anurādhapura IV | present | Confident | 614 CE 1017 CE | ||
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|
||||||
419 | Polonnaruwa | present | Confident | 1070 CE 1255 CE | ||
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|
||||||
420 | Great Zimbabwe | absent | Inferred | 1270 CE 1550 CE | ||
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|
||||||
421 | Dutch Empire | present | Confident | 1648 CE 1795 CE | ||
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|
||||||
422 | Anurādhapura II | present | Confident | 70 CE 428 CE | ||
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|
||||||
423 | Kingdom of Jimma | present | Confident | 1790 CE 1932 CE | ||
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|
||||||
424 | Ajuran Sultanate | present | Confident | 1250 CE 1700 CE | ||
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425 | Early Cholas | present | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||
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426 | Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom | present | Confident | 1675 CE 1799 CE | ||
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427 | Early Pandyas | present | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||
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428 | Late Pallava Empire | present | Confident | 300 CE 890 CE | ||
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429 | Mutapa | absent | Inferred | 1450 CE 1880 CE | ||
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430 | Anurādhapura I | present | Confident | 300 BCE 70 CE | ||
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431 | Nayaks of Madurai | present | Inferred | 1529 CE 1736 CE | ||
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432 | Middle and Late Nok | absent | Inferred | 1500 BCE 901 BCE | ||
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433 | West Burkina Faso Yellow I | absent | Inferred | 100 CE 500 CE | ||
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434 | Middle and Late Nok | absent | Inferred | 900 BCE 0 CE | ||
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435 | West Burkina Faso Red II and III | absent | Inferred | 1100 CE 1400 CE | ||
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436 | West Burkina Faso Red IV | absent | Inferred | 1401 CE 1500 CE | ||
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437 | West Burkina Faso Red I | absent | Inferred | 701 CE 1100 CE | ||
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438 | Kanem | unknown | Suspected | 800 CE 1379 CE | ||
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439 | Oyo | unknown | Suspected | 1300 CE 1535 CE | ||
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440 | Early United Mexican States | present | Confident | 1810 CE 1920 CE | ||
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441 | Us Reconstruction-Progressive | present | Confident | 1866 CE 1933 CE | ||
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442 | Late Tiwanaku | present | Confident | 800 CE 1149 CE | ||
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443 | Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase | present | Confident | 1101 CE 1140 CE | ||
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444 | Antebellum US | present | Confident | 1776 CE 1865 CE | ||
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445 | Late Classic Tikal | present | Confident | 555 CE 869 CE | ||
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446 | Khwarezmid Empire | present | Confident | 1157 CE 1231 CE | ||
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447 | Hohokam Culture | present | Confident | 300 CE 1500 CE | ||
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448 | Alaouite Dynasty I | present | Confident | 1631 CE 1727 CE | ||
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449 | Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I | present | Confident | 1454 CE 1648 CE | ||
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450 | Armenian Kingdom | present | Confident | 188 BCE 6 CE | ||
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451 | Golden Horde | present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||
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452 | Saffarid Caliphate | present | Confident | 861 CE 1003 CE | ||
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453 | British Empire I | present | Confident | 1690 CE 1849 CE | ||
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454 | Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period | present | Confident | 1820 CE 1898 CE | ||
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455 | British Empire IIIIIIIIII | present | Confident | 1850 CE 1968 CE | ||
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456 | Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty | present | Inferred | 1310 CE 1526 CE | ||
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457 | Ghur Principality | unknown | Suspected | 1025 CE 1215 CE | ||
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458 | Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty | absent | Inferred | 919 CE 1125 CE | ||
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459 | Bengal Sultanate | present | Confident | 1338 CE 1538 CE | ||
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460 | Peiligang | unknown | Suspected | 7000 BCE 5001 BCE | ||
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461 | Chandra Dynasty | present | Confident | 900 CE 1050 CE | ||
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462 | Deva Dynasty | present | Confident | 1150 CE 1300 CE | ||
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463 | Gauda Kingdom | present | Confident | 600 CE 625 CE | ||
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