Home Region: Southern Europe (Europe)

Latium - Copper Age

3600 BCE 1800 BCE

D G SC WF

EQ 2020 it_latium_ca / ItLatCA

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Latium - Neolithic] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1800 BCE 900 BCE Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba) [continuity]

General Description

The Italian Eneolithic (Eneolitico) dates from the 3rd millennium to the first centuries of the 2nd millennium BCE. It mostly corresponds to the Copper Age (Età del Rame) plus the Early Bronze Age (Prima Età del Bronzo). In Latium, the region of Central Italy that roughly matches modern-day Lazio, the main Copper Age sites include Ponte S. Pietro, Porcareccia and Rinaldone (near the modern-day city of Viterbo), Sgurgola and Casamari (near Frosinone), Castel Malnome and Ardea (near Rome), and Cantalupo Mandela (near Sabina). ^[1] The period is characterized by low density occupation and scattered material finds, mainly grave sites; nothing in the region comparable to the complex contemporary social formations present in Egypt, China, and the Near East.
Population and political organization
None of the above-mentioned sites is considered a ’nucleated settlement’, but they have all yielded useful finds: the Viterbo locations and Sgurgola are small necropolises, while miscellaneous grave goods have been unearthed at the other sites. ^[2] Overall, it seems likely that Latium Copper Age communities were quite small — one estimate posits 100-200 inhabitants each ^[3] — and some estimates for the Early Bronze Age even go so far as to say that each settlement probably only had a few dozen inhabitants. ^[4] The burial data appear to reflect a patriarchal, war-oriented culture: men and women are associated with very different types of grave goods, and male burials are always accompanied by weapons. ^[2] ^[5]

[1]: (Anzidei, Sestieri and De Santis 1985, 102) Anna Paola Anzidei, Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri and Anna De Santis. 1985. Roma e il Lazio dall’età della pietra alla formazione della città. Rome: Quasar.

[2]: (Anzidei, Sestieri and De Santis 1985, 106) Anna Paola Anzidei, Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri and Anna De Santis. 1985. Roma e il Lazio dall’età della pietra alla formazione della città. Rome: Quasar.

[3]: (Whitehouse 1992, 16) Ruth Whitehouse. 1992. Underground Religion: Cult and Culture in Prehistoric Italy. London: Accordia Research Centre, University of London.

[4]: (Cornell 1995, 32-35) Tim Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000‒264 BC). London: Routledge.

[5]: (Whitehouse 1992, 21) Ruth Whitehouse. 1992. Underground Religion: Cult and Culture in Prehistoric Italy. London: Accordia Research Centre, University of London.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

1 Enclosure

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Elephant

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca) was in:
(3600 BCE 1801 BCE)	Latium

Home NGA: Latium

General Variables

Identity and Location Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	35 T	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Original Name	Latium - Copper Age	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital)	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Alternative Name	Eneolithic	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[3600 BCE ➜ 1800 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Succeeding Entity	Latium - Bronze Age	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Latium - Neolithic [continuity] Update here
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Succeeding Entity 1800 BCE 900 BCE	Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Language Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Religion Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Hierarchical Complexity Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	1	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Religious Level	1	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Military Level	1	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Administrative Level	1	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Professions Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Examination System	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Law Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Judge	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Court	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Irrigation System	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Port	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Canal	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Bridge	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Uncoded Undecided	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Enclosure	Uncoded Undecided	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Information / Writing System Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Script	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Uncoded Undecided	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Sacred Text	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Religious Literature	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Practical Literature	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Philosophy	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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History	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Fiction	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Calendar	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Information / Money Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Precious Metal	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Article	Present Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Information / Postal System Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Courier	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Moat	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Ditch	Present	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Military use of Metals Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Iron	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Copper	Present	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Bronze	Absent Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Projectiles Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Sling	Unknown	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Javelin	Unknown	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Handheld weapons Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Sword	Present Inferred	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Spear	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Polearm	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Dagger	Present	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Elephant	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Dog	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Camel	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Armor Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Shield	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Limb Protection	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Helmet	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Breastplate	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Naval technology Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More