Home Region: Southern Europe (Europe)

Latium - Bronze Age

1800 BCE 900 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 it_latium_ba / ItLatBA

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

3600 BCE 1800 BCE Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1000 BCE 580 BCE Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia) [continuity]

General Description

The Italian Bronze Age (Età del Bronzo) starts at the tail end of the Eneolithic, but enters its mature phase between 1800 and 1200 BCE (Middle Bronze Age, Età del Bronzo Media), and begins its transition towards the Iron Age between 1200 and 1000 (Late Bronze Age, Tarda Età del Bronzo). ^[1] ^[2] Because Middle Bronze Age material culture is remarkably uniform throughout the peninsula, ^[3] it is difficult to single out any developments that specifically distinguish Latium, the region of Central Italy that roughly corresponds to modern-day Lazio. However, it is worth noting that most sites of this period cluster along the Apennine mountain range; for this reason, Italian Bronze Age culture is sometimes referred to as ’Apennine culture’ (cultura appenninica). ^[3] In the Late Bronze Age, the main cultural traditions were the Subapennine (12th century BCE, subappenninica) and the Proto-Villanovan (11th and 10th centuries BCE, protovillanoviana) ^[4] These traditions brought greater sophistication in agricultural techniques, a greater number and variety of agricultural tools, and advances in metalworking. ^[1]
Population and political organization
It is difficult to infer much about the political organization of the average Italian settlement, either in the Middle or in the Late Bronze Age. There are very few signs of status differentiation, whether in burials, architecture, or material culture more generally. ^[5]
Population was probably sparse up to the Middle Bronze Age in Italy, with settlements of no more than a few dozen inhabitants each. In contrast, the Late Bronze Age witnessed a significant demographic increase, suggested by an increased number of sites and increased site size. Settlements were probably home to a few hundred inhabitants. ^[1]

[1]: (Cornell 1995, 32-33) Tim Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000‒264 BC). London: Routledge.

[2]: (Anzidei, Sestieri and De Santis 1985, 113-48) Anna Paola Anzidei, Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri and Anna De Santis. 1985. Roma e il Lazio dall’età della pietra alla formazione della città. Rome: Quasar.

[3]: (Cornell 1995, 32) Tim Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000‒264 BC). London: Routledge.

[4]: (Anzidei, Sestieri and De Santis 1985, 137-39) Anna Paola Anzidei, Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri and Anna De Santis. 1985. Roma e il Lazio dall’età della pietra alla formazione della città. Rome: Quasar.

[5]: (Barker 1995, 156) Graeme Barker. 1995. A Mediterranean Valley: Landscape Archaeology and Annales History in the Biferno Valley. London: Leicester University Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

1 Enclosure

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba) was in:
(1800 BCE 1001 BCE)	Latium

Home NGA: Latium

General Variables

Identity and Location Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	35 T	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Original Name	Latium - Bronze Age	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Apennine culture	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Proto-Villanovan culture	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1800 BCE ➜ 900 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Supracultural Entity	Appenine culture	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Latium - Iron Age	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Succeeding Entity 1000 BCE 580 BCE	Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 3600 BCE 1800 BCE	Latium - Copper Age (it_latium_ca) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Language Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Language	Latin	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Religion Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[20 to 50] people	1800 BCE 1200 BCE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	[100 to 300] people	1200 BCE 900 BCE
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Polity Territory	[3 to 4] km²	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Polity Population	- Undecided	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	1	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Religious Level	1	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Military Level	1	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Administrative Level	[1 to 2]	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Professions Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Examination System	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Law Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Judge	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Court	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Irrigation System	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Port	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Canal	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Bridge	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Uncoded Undecided	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Enclosure	Uncoded Undecided	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Writing System Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Script	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Uncoded Undecided	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Sacred Text	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Religious Literature	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Practical Literature	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Philosophy	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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History	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Fiction	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Calendar	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Money Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Uncoded Undecided	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Precious Metal	Uncoded Undecided	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Article	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Postal System Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Courier	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moat	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Ditch	Present	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Military use of Metals Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Iron	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Copper	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Projectiles Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Sling	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Handheld weapons Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Sword	Present	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Spear	Present	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Polearm	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Dagger	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Elephant	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Donkey	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Dog	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Camel	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Armor Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Shield	Present	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Naval technology Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	1800 BCE 900 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More