Home Region:  Southern Europe (Europe)

Latium - Iron Age

1000 BCE 580 BCE
EQ 2020  it_latium_ia / ItLatIA
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
1800 BCE 900 BCE Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba)    [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.
716 BCE 509 BCE Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)    [continuity]


  General Description  
In Latium, the region of Central Italy roughly corresponding to modern-day Lazio, the earliest evidence for the emergence of a distinctive regional culture dates to the 10th century BCE. [1] Iron Age Latial culture has been divided into the following phases and sub-phases: LC I (1000-900), LC IIA (900-830), LC IIB (830-770), LC IIIA (770-740), LC IIIB (740-720), LC IVA (720-620) and LC IVB (620-580). [2] This period is known by several names, including Old Latium (Latium Vetus in Latin and Lazio Antico in Italian) and the Southern Villanovan. [3]
The first and second phases of the Latial culture correspond respectively to the Proto-Villanovan and Villanovan archaeological cultures of Italy as a whole. The fourth phase is contemporary with the Orientalizing period of Etruscan civilization, and the third phase is transitional between the second and fourth phases. LC I is characterized by simple undecorated pottery and cremation as the dominant funerary rite, while in LC II cremation is replaced by inhumation, and pottery is decorated with simple patterns. Foreign influences can be detected in the pottery of LC III, and in the fourth and final phase both foreign pottery and its local imitations are represented. [2] Major sites include Osteria dell’Osa and Castel di Decima.
Population and political organization
It is difficult to reconstruct the exact political organization of Iron Age settlements in Latium. At Osteria dell’Osa, one of the most well studied LC II sites likely inhabited by between one and three hundred people, the distribution and quality of grave goods suggest that status was largely determined by age and gender. Men were usually buried with weapons, women with weaving equipment and jewellery, and the elderly with drinking cups. LC III and IV burials provide evidence for increasing social differentiation, a decrease in the importance of gender and age for determining status, and greater receptivity to external (i.e. Greek and Etruscan) influences. Most of the burials at Castel di Decima (LC III and IV) are quite simple inhumations, with no or modest grave goods, but a minority of graves are accompanied by high-quality goods such as amber beads, gold fibulae, and even chariots. The wealth of this minority appears to increase throughout the 8th and 7th centuries. [2]
There appear to be no reliable estimates for the overall population of Latium at this time. However, a few estimates exist for the population size of settlements. At one extreme, some sources suggest that thousands of people lived at some Iron Age settlements. [4] However, Osteria dell’Osa likely only had between one and three hundred inhabitants. [2]

[1]: (Anzidei, Sestieri and De Santis 1985, 140) Anna Paola Anzidei, Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri and Anna De Santis. 1985. Roma e il Lazio dall’età della pietra alla formazione della città. Rome: Quasar.

[2]: (Forsythe 2006, 53-58) Gary Forsythe. 2006. A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

[3]: (Cornell 1995, 33-55) Tim Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000‒264 BC). London: Routledge.

[4]: (Cornell 1995, 32-33) Tim Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000‒264 BC). London: Routledge.

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.
Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia) was in:
 (1000 BCE 717 BCE) Latium
Home NGA: Latium

General Variables
Identity and Location Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Utm Zone 33 T 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Original Name Latium - Iron Age 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Alternative Name 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Alternative Name 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Alternative Name 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Alternative Name 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Temporal Bounds Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Duration
Loading...
Political and Cultural Relations Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Supracultural Entity 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Succeeding Entity 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Relationship to Preceding Entity 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Preceding Entity
1800 BCE 900 BCE
Loading...
Succeeding Entity
716 BCE 509 BCE
Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)   [continuity] 
Loading...
Language Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Linguistic Family Indo-European 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Language 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Religion Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Population of the Largest Settlement 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Hierarchical Complexity Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Religious Level 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Military Level 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Administrative Level 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Professions Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Professional Priesthood 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Professional Military Officer 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Occupational Complexity 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Bureaucracy Characteristics Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Merit Promotion 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Full Time Bureaucrat 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Examination System 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Law Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Judge 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
1000 BCE  580 BCE
Court 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Specialized Buildings: polity owned Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Market 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Irrigation System 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Food Storage Site 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Drinking Water Supply System 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Transport Infrastructure Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Road 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Port 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Canal 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Bridge 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Special-purpose Sites Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Mines or Quarry Unknown Suspected 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Information / Writing System Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Script 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Absent Inferred 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Nonwritten Record 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Non Phonetic Writing Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Mnemonic Device 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Information / Kinds of Written Documents Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Scientific Literature Absent Inferred 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Sacred Text 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Religious Literature 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Practical Literature 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Philosophy Absent Inferred 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Lists Tables and Classification 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
History Absent Inferred 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Fiction 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Calendar 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Calendar 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Information / Money Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Token 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Precious Metal 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Paper Currency 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Indigenous Coin 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Foreign Coin 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Article 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Debt And Credit Structure 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Information / Postal System Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
General Postal Service 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Courier 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Information / Measurement System Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Present 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Stone Walls Non Mortared Unknown 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Stone Walls Mortared Unknown 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Settlements in a Defensive Position 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Modern Fortification Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moat 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Fortified Camp Unknown 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Earth Rampart 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Ditch 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Complex Fortification 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Long Wall absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Military use of Metals Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Iron 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Copper 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Bronze 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Projectiles Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Sling Siege Engine 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Sling 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Self Bow 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Javelin 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Handheld Firearm Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Gunpowder Siege Artillery Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Crossbow Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Composite Bow 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Atlatl Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Handheld weapons Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
War Club 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Sword 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Spear 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Polearm 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Dagger 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Battle Axe 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Animals used in warfare Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Horse 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Elephant Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Donkey Unknown 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Dog Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Camel Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Armor Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Wood Bark Etc 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Shield 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Scaled Armor Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Plate Armor Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Limb Protection 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Leather Cloth 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Laminar Armor Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Helmet 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Chainmail Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Breastplate 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Naval technology Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement in This Life 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement is Certain 1000 BCE  580 BCE
Loading...
Human Sacrifice Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Instability Data
Power Transitions