Home Region: Southern Europe (Europe)

Latium - Iron Age

1000 BCE 580 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 it_latium_ia / ItLatIA

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1800 BCE 900 BCE Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

716 BCE 509 BCE Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k) [continuity]

General Description

In Latium, the region of Central Italy roughly corresponding to modern-day Lazio, the earliest evidence for the emergence of a distinctive regional culture dates to the 10th century BCE. ^[1] Iron Age Latial culture has been divided into the following phases and sub-phases: LC I (1000-900), LC IIA (900-830), LC IIB (830-770), LC IIIA (770-740), LC IIIB (740-720), LC IVA (720-620) and LC IVB (620-580). ^[2] This period is known by several names, including Old Latium (Latium Vetus in Latin and Lazio Antico in Italian) and the Southern Villanovan. ^[3]
The first and second phases of the Latial culture correspond respectively to the Proto-Villanovan and Villanovan archaeological cultures of Italy as a whole. The fourth phase is contemporary with the Orientalizing period of Etruscan civilization, and the third phase is transitional between the second and fourth phases. LC I is characterized by simple undecorated pottery and cremation as the dominant funerary rite, while in LC II cremation is replaced by inhumation, and pottery is decorated with simple patterns. Foreign influences can be detected in the pottery of LC III, and in the fourth and final phase both foreign pottery and its local imitations are represented. ^[2] Major sites include Osteria dell’Osa and Castel di Decima.
Population and political organization
It is difficult to reconstruct the exact political organization of Iron Age settlements in Latium. At Osteria dell’Osa, one of the most well studied LC II sites likely inhabited by between one and three hundred people, the distribution and quality of grave goods suggest that status was largely determined by age and gender. Men were usually buried with weapons, women with weaving equipment and jewellery, and the elderly with drinking cups. LC III and IV burials provide evidence for increasing social differentiation, a decrease in the importance of gender and age for determining status, and greater receptivity to external (i.e. Greek and Etruscan) influences. Most of the burials at Castel di Decima (LC III and IV) are quite simple inhumations, with no or modest grave goods, but a minority of graves are accompanied by high-quality goods such as amber beads, gold fibulae, and even chariots. The wealth of this minority appears to increase throughout the 8th and 7th centuries. ^[2]
There appear to be no reliable estimates for the overall population of Latium at this time. However, a few estimates exist for the population size of settlements. At one extreme, some sources suggest that thousands of people lived at some Iron Age settlements. ^[4] However, Osteria dell’Osa likely only had between one and three hundred inhabitants. ^[2]

[1]: (Anzidei, Sestieri and De Santis 1985, 140) Anna Paola Anzidei, Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri and Anna De Santis. 1985. Roma e il Lazio dall’età della pietra alla formazione della città. Rome: Quasar.

[2]: (Forsythe 2006, 53-58) Gary Forsythe. 2006. A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

[3]: (Cornell 1995, 33-55) Tim Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000‒264 BC). London: Routledge.

[4]: (Cornell 1995, 32-33) Tim Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000‒264 BC). London: Routledge.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

4 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

2 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

1 Debt And Credit Structure

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia) was in:
(1000 BCE 717 BCE)	Latium

Home NGA: Latium

General Variables

Identity and Location Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	33 T	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Original Name	Latium - Iron Age	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Alternative Name	Latial Culture	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Alternative Name	Southern Villanovan	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Alternative Name	Old Latium	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Alternative Name	Latium Vetus	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1000 BCE ➜ 580 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Supracultural Entity	Latial Culture	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Roman Kingdom	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Preceding Entity 1800 BCE 900 BCE	Latium - Bronze Age (it_latium_ba) [continuity]
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Succeeding Entity 716 BCE 509 BCE	Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k) [continuity]
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Language Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Language	Latin	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Religion Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[100 to 300] people	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	1	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Religious Level	1	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Military Level	[1 to 3]	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Administrative Level	[1 to 3]	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Professions Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Examination System	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Law Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Judge	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Court	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Uncoded Undecided	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Port	Uncoded Undecided	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Canal	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Bridge	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Information / Writing System Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Script	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Uncoded Undecided	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Sacred Text	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Religious Literature	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Practical Literature	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Philosophy	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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History	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Fiction	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Calendar	Present Uncertain	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Calendar	Absent Uncertain	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Information / Money Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Uncoded Undecided	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Precious Metal	Uncoded Undecided	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Uncoded Undecided	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Article	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Debt And Credit Structure	Uncoded Undecided	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Information / Postal System Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moat	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Ditch	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Military use of Metals Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Iron	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Copper	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Bronze	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Projectiles Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Sling	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Handheld weapons Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Sword	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Spear	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Polearm	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Dagger	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Donkey	Unknown	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Dog	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Camel	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Armor Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Shield	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Helmet	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Breastplate	Present	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Naval technology Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 580 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More