Home Region: Southern Europe (Europe)

Roman Kingdom

716 BCE 509 BCE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 it_roman_k / ItRomRg

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1000 BCE 580 BCE Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

509 BCE 264 BCE Early Roman Republic (it_roman_rep_1) [continuity]

General Description

The Regal Period refers to the period at the end of the Iron Age during which Rome developed as a uncleared settlement in the heart of Latium (modern-day Lazio), ruled over by ’Etruscan kings’. Although there is archaeological evidence for the permanent occupation of Rome from the Iron Age ’centuries before’ the city’s mythic foundation date of 754 BCE, ^[1] perhaps from as early as 1000 BCE, ^[2] we have chosen to begin this polity in 716, with the traditional death date of the city’s legendary founder Romulus. ^[3] The city prospered during this time, which saw the development of many of the institutions - political administration, legal system, religious practices - characteristic of the later Roman Republic. The last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (534-509 BCE), was expelled from Rome for his and his family’s tyrannical excesses. In his place, the leading Roman elites established an aristocratic city-state, ushering in the Republican period. ^[4]
Population and political organization
By end of the Regal Period, Rome was a well-developed city-state, boasting civic infrastructure (marsh drainage, roads), political institutions (assemblies, Senate), monuments (temples), and a powerful military. It held at least one third of the area of Latium vetus (Old Latium) ^[5] and had a population of 20,000-50,000 people.
According to legend, Rome became a city when the eponymous founder Romulus slew his twin brother Remus, both outcasts from a nearby Latium settlement, in a contest over where to found their new city. Numa Pompilius (r. 715-673 BCE), of Sabine origin, was the next king. Pompilius is traditionally credited with establishing ’all the major religious institutions of the state, including the calendar and the priesthoods’. ^[6] Starting with Tarquinius Priscus (r. 616-579 BCE), Rome was ruled by a series of kings of Etruscan descent, who could thus draw on the legacy of this powerful and complex culture from north-central Italy (around modern-day Etruria). The Roman king served as chief legislator, military commander, highest judge and chief priest. ^[7] ^[8] Archaeological remains found on the Palatine Hill dating to the late 8th century BCE suggest that the king lived in a palace from the earliest times. Rome’s relationship with other settlements in Latium, particularly on military matters, were important. ^[9] The hereditary clan system (gens) formed the basis of the Roman nobility, ^[10] likely serving first as the king’s advisors, although administrative structures gradually became more institutionalized (for example, through the establishment of a formal senate and voting assemblies) throughout the late 8th and 7th centuries BCE.
The city of Rome, with a population somewhere between 14,000 and 57,000 during this period, fared well in military and economic terms. Several kings claimed important victories over nearby settlements in Latium and Etruria, expanding Rome’s sphere of influence and establishing economic connections throughout central Italy. The Via Salaria (’salt road’) and the Sacra Via in Rome were in existence from the beginning of the Roman Kingdom ^[11] - although at this time the roads would not have been paved. A port known as Caere was situated 50 kilometres northwest of Rome. ^[12] The first bridge, thought to be the Pons Sublicius, may have been built in 642 BCE under Ancus Marcius. ^[12] Roman kings also reclaimed marshland and carried out drainage works. ^[13]

[1]: (Cornell 1995, 80) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

[2]: (Cornell 1995, 72) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

[3]: (Martin 2012, 42) Thomas R. Martin. 2012. Ancient Rome: From Romulus to Justinian. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

[4]: (Cornell 1995, 118, 120) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

[5]: (Cornell 1995, 205) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

[6]: (Cornell 1995, 120) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

[7]: (Adkins and Adkins 1998, 62) Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins. 1998. Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[8]: (Cornell 1995, 252) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

[9]: (Armstrong 2016, 73) Jeremy Armstrong. 2016. War and Society in Early Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[10]: (Cornell 1995, 115) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

[11]: (Cornell 1995, 48, 96) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

[12]: (Cornell 1995, 128) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

[13]: (Cornell 1995, 164) Tim J. Cornell. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

3 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

2 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

3 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

7 Power Transition

Instability Events

5 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k) was in:
(716 BCE 510 BCE)	Latium

Home NGA: Latium

General Variables

Identity and Location Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	33 T	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Original Name	Roman Kingdom	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Capital	Rome	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Alternative Name	Kingdom of Rome	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Alternative Name	Regal Period	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Alternative Name	Rome	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	535 BCE
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Duration	[716 BCE ➜ 509 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Hellenistic Civilization	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Early Roman Republic	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[1,000,000 to 1,500,000] km²	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Succeeding Entity 509 BCE 264 BCE	Early Roman Republic (it_roman_rep_1) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 1000 BCE 580 BCE	Latium - Iron Age (it_latium_ia) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Language Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Language	Latin	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Religion Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[4,000 to 16,000] people	700 BCE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	[14,250 to 57,000] people	600 BCE
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Polity Territory	1,000 km²	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Polity Population	[20,000 to 50,000] people	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[2 to 3]	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Religious Level	[1 to 2]	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Military Level	[4 to 5]	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Administrative Level	3	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Professions Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Examination System	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Law Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Judge	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Present Uncertain	716 BCE 600 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Uncertain	716 BCE 600 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Present Inferred	600 BCE 509 BCE
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Court	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Irrigation System	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Port	Present Disputed	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Port	Absent Disputed	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Canal	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Bridge	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Information / Writing System Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Script	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Uncoded Undecided	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Uncoded Undecided	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Sacred Text	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Religious Literature	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Philosophy	Uncoded Undecided	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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History	Uncoded Undecided	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Fiction	Uncoded Undecided	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Calendar	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Information / Money Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Uncoded Undecided	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Precious Metal	Uncoded Undecided	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Article	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Information / Postal System Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Courier	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moat	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Ditch	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Military use of Metals Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Iron	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Copper	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Bronze	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Projectiles Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Sling	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Javelin	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Handheld weapons Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Sword	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Spear	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Polearm	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Dagger	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Donkey	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Dog	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Camel	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Armor Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Shield	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 700 BCE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	699 BCE 601 BCE
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Plate Armor	Present	600 BCE 509 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Helmet	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Breastplate	Present	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Naval technology Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	716 BCE 509 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Roman Kingdom (it_roman_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More