Home Region: Mexico (North America)

Oaxaca - Rosario

700 BCE 500 BCE

D G SC WF CC

EQ 2020 mx_rosario / MxRosar

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1150 BCE 700 BCE Oaxaca - San Jose (mx_san_jose) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

500 BCE 300 BCE Early Monte Alban I (mx_monte_alban_1_early) [population replacement]

General Description

During the Rosario phase (700-500 BCE), the settlement of San José Mogote continued to be the largest settlement in the Valley of Oaxaca. However, other settlements rose to challenge its primacy: Huitzo (at the extreme northern end of the Etla arm), Tilcajete (in the Valle Grande), and Yegüih (in the Tlacolula arm), each the centre of a cluster of smaller settlements. ^[1] There is evidence for increased inter-settlement conflict and social differentiation within communities. ^[1] Burnt remains of buildings have been found at Rosario phase sites, which, along with evidence for fortifications and the extensive unoccupied ’buffer zone’ of 80 square kilometres between the polities, suggest inter-settlement raids and hostility at this time. ^[2]
Population and political organization
While there is evidence of an emerging elite during this period, the nature of leadership and political organization remains unclear. ^[3] Labour was organized for the construction of large public structures and elaborate tombs. However, the types of buildings constructed led archaeologists Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus to suggest that elites could not yet draw on labour and resources solely for their own personal gain. ^[4] ^[5] The first evidence of monumental art, calendars, writing and human sacrifice in the Valley of Oaxaca dates to this period. ^[6] Population estimates for the three polities in the valley at this time range from 1000 to 2000 people; the largest population was concentrated in the northern arm, with San José Mogote as the primary centre. ^[7] ^[8]

[1]: (Blanton et al. 1999, 42) Richard E. Blanton, Gary M. Feinman, Stephen A. Kowalewski and Linda M. Nicholas. 1999. Ancient Oaxaca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[2]: (Spencer and Redmond 2003, 32) Charles S. Spencer and Elsa M. Redmond. 2003. ’Militarism, Resistance, and Early State Development in Oaxaca, Mexico’. Social Evolution & History 2 (1): 25-70.

[3]: (Blanton et al. 1999, 46) Richard E. Blanton, Gary M. Feinman, Stephen A. Kowalewski and Linda M. Nicholas. 1999. Ancient Oaxaca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[4]: (Kowalewski, Fisch and Flannery 1983, 50-53) Stephen Kowalewski, Eva Fisch and Kent V. Flannery. 1983. ’San José and Guadalupe Settlement Patterns in the Valley of Oaxaca’, in The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, 50-53. New York: Academic Press.

[5]: (Flannery and Marcus 1983, 53-55) Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus. 1983. ’The Growth of Site Hierarchies in the Valley of Oaxaca: Part I’, in The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, 53-64. New York: Academic Press.

[6]: (Joyce 2009, 123) Arthur A. Joyce. 2009. Mixtecs, Zapotecs, and Chatinos: Ancient Peoples of Southern Mexico. Malden, MA: Wiley‐Blackwell.

[7]: (Spencer and Redmond 2003, 32-33) Charles S. Spencer and Elsa M. Redmond. 2003. ’Militarism, Resistance, and Early State Development in Oaxaca, Mexico’. Social Evolution & History 2 (1): 25-70.

[8]: (Marcus and Flannery 1996, 125-26) Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery. 1996. Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames and Hudson.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Symbolic Building

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario) was in:
(700 BCE 501 BCE)	Valley of Oaxaca

Home NGA: Valley of Oaxaca

General Variables

Identity and Location Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	14 Q	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Original Name	Rosario	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Capital	San José Mogote	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Alternative Name	Middle Preclassic	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Alternative Name	Middle Formative	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[700 BCE ➜ 500 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Middle Formative	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	MxAlb1E	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[100 to 200] km²	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Preceding Entity 1150 BCE 700 BCE	Oaxaca - San Jose (mx_san_jose) [continuity]
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Succeeding Entity 500 BCE 300 BCE	Early Monte Alban I (mx_monte_alban_1_early) [population replacement]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Language Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Proto-Otomanguean	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Language	uncoded Undecided	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Religion Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	1,000 people	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Polity Territory	[50 to 500] km²	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Polity Population	[1,000 to 2,000] people	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Religious Level	1	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Military Level	1	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Administrative Level	[1 to 2]	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Professions Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Examination System	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Law Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Judge	Absent Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Court	Absent Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Irrigation System	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Symbolic Building	Uncoded Undecided	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Port	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Canal	Absent Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Bridge	Absent Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Information / Writing System Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Script	Present	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Absent Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Sacred Text	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Religious Literature	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Practical Literature	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Philosophy	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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History	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Fiction	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Calendar	Present	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Information / Money Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Uncoded Undecided	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Precious Metal	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Article	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Information / Postal System Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Courier	Absent Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Military use of Metals Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Iron	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Copper	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Bronze	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Projectiles Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Composite Bow	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Atlatl	Present	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Handheld weapons Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Sword	Present	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Spear	Present Inferred	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Dagger	Present	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Battle Axe	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Donkey	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Dog	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Camel	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Armor Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Helmet	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Naval technology Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	700 BCE 500 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Oaxaca - Rosario (mx_rosario)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More