Home Region: Mexico (North America)

Early United Mexican States

1810 CE 1920 CE

D G SC R CC

EQ 2020 mx_mexico_1

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General Description

’’’General’’’
This tumultuous and violent period marked by revolution and war begins following the downfall of the rule of ‘New Spain’ and the Spanish monarchy, and the Mexican Wars of Independence. “In April 1808, as French forces marched into Madrid, a sequel at Aranjuez seemed to succeed. By May, Napoleon held both Spanish Bourbons captive in Bayonne. The fall of the Spanish monarchy to its invasive ally set the stage for Mexico City’s summer of politics. Spain’s empire and New Spain would never be the same.”^[1] “Then escalating conflicts exploded in insurgencies in September of 1810. Authorities set in power by armed force faced a people in arms. Unprecedented violence drove political conflicts begun by provincial elites while tens of thousands took arms to claim the necessities of survival in the core regions of silver capitalism. The regime of mediation disabled by the coup of 1808 dissolved in political and social violence beginning in 1810. Silver capitalism broke quickly. As conflicts continued, Spain’s empire fell as New Spain became Mexico in 1821.”^[2] “Mexico was born in political and social violence, every faction proclaiming a vision of popular sovereignty backed by armed power. In that conflictive process, the silver economy and regime of mediation that for centuries had made New Spain wealthy, stable, and central to global capitalism were destroyed. The Mexican nation that emerged would be plagued by violence and instability unknown in New Spain before the crises and transformations of 1808–1810.”^[3] “The new nation that came out of the conflicts of 1808 to 1821, briefly a Mexican monarchy, then a republic from 1824, searched simultaneously for a new polity and a new economy.”^[4]
This polity is bookend by the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)
’’’Politics’’’
“Political instability continued for decades after independence. From 1821 to 1867, Mexico had 56 administrations (Ponzio, 2005), and in the 55 years between independence and the Porfi riato, the presidency changed hands 75 times as a result of the continuous struggle between the conservative and liberal factions (Haber, 1989). In contrast, the United States had 13 administrations in the 52 years between 1817 and 1869 (Ponzio, 2005). Between 1824 and 1867, the average term of a president in Mexico was 15 months, 7 months for both the ministers of war and justice, and less than 5 months for the ministers of finance and foreign relations (Ponzio, 2005). The generalized episodes of civil unrest and violence reduced the population, disrupted mining and agricultural production, and severely curtailed trade and communications, thus further fragmenting the linkages among different regions. In addition, the struggle for independence brought about a temporary dismantling of the monetary union. A particularly disastrous consequence of the prolonged civil strife was the loss to the United States of half of Mexico’s national territory in the mid-19th century.”^[5]
“Porfirio Díaz’s [r. 1884-1910] first re-election to the presidency in 1884 marked a significant watershed in the political evolution of the regime. As a foretaste of what was to come, Díaz was unopposed in the election. Thereafter, a dual process of consolidation and transformation took place in the regime. While many of the mechanisms and tactics of political pragmatism continued to be employed in the attempt to mediate and manage factional divisions, the personal and patriarchal authority of the president at the apex of the hierarchy of power became gradually consolidated, and increasingly uncontested… Although the regime became increasingly centralized and authoritarian, nevertheless important constraints existed on presidential authority. In other words, Díaz never enjoyed the absolute political control that his critics have argued, because the process of centralization and consolidation was always contested, challenged and resisted at a variety of levels. Political factionalism, dissidence, and rebellion remained constant during the era.”^[6]

[1]: (Tutino 2018: 150) Tutino, John. 2018. Mexico City, 1808: Power Sovereignty, and Silver in an Age of War and Revolution. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5SZU2AP

[2]: (Tutino 2018: 230) Tutino, John. 2018. Mexico City, 1808: Power Sovereignty, and Silver in an Age of War and Revolution. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5SZU2AP

[3]: (Tutino 2018: 248) Tutino, John. 2018. Mexico City, 1808: Power Sovereignty, and Silver in an Age of War and Revolution. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5SZU2AP

[4]: (Tutino 2018: 252) Tutino, John. 2018. Mexico City, 1808: Power Sovereignty, and Silver in an Age of War and Revolution. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5SZU2AP

[5]: (Moreno-Brid and Ros 2009: 31-32) Moreno-Brid, Juan Carlos and Ros, Jaime. 2009. Development and Growth in the Mexican Economy: A Historical Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PZXKGTTV

[6]: (Garner 2011: 297-298) Garner, Paul. 2011. “The Civilian and the General, 1867–1911,” in A Companion to Mexican History and Culture, ed. William H. Beezley. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 288–301. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EMSG558V

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

Language

Religion

1 Religious Tradition

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

3 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

4 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

1 Communal Building

1 Utilitarian Public Building

1 Knowledge Or Information Building

1 Entertainment Building

1 Other Utilitarian Public Building

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

1 Special Purpose Site

1 Ceremonial Site

1 Burial Site

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Store Of Wealth

1 Debt And Credit Structure

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

1 Weight Measurement System

1 Volume Measurement System

1 Time Measurement System

1 Length Measurement System

1 Geometrical Measurement System

1 Area Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

Military use of Metals

Projectiles

Handheld weapons

Animals used in warfare

Armor

Naval technology

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

2 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

35 Power Transition

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

General Variables

Identity and Location Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	12 N	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Original Name	Early United Mexican States	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Capital	Mexico City	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Alternative Name	United Mexican States	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Alternative Name	Mexico	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Temporal Bounds Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1810 CE ➜ 1920 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Succeeding Entity	Late United Mexican States	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Language Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Religion Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	Catholicism	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	170,000 people	1810 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	200,000 people	1858 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	471,000 people	1910 CE
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Polity Territory	23,309,000 km²	1848 CE
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Polity Population	6,587,000 people	1820 CE
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Polity Population	10,399,000 people	1880 CE
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Polity Population	13,607,000 people	1900 CE
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Polity Population	14,900,000 people	1920 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	6	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Religious Level	7	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Military Level	2	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Administrative Level	6	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Professions Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Bureaucracy Characteristics Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Law Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Judge	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Court	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Communal Building	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Utilitarian Public Building	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Knowledge Or Information Building	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Entertainment Building	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Other Utilitarian Public Building	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Port	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Canal	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Bridge	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Special Purpose Site	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Ceremonial Site	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Burial Site	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Information / Writing System Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Script	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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History	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Fiction	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Calendar	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Information / Money Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Precious Metal	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Paper Currency	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Store Of Wealth	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Debt And Credit Structure	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Information / Postal System Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present Inferred	1810 CE 1920 CE
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General Postal Service	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Courier	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Information / Measurement System Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Weight Measurement System	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Volume Measurement System	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Time Measurement System	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Length Measurement System	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Geometrical Measurement System	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Area Measurement System	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Military use of Metals Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Projectiles Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Handheld weapons Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Animals used in warfare Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Armor Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Naval technology Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1810 CE 1920 CE
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Human Sacrifice Early United Mexican States (mx_mexico_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More