Home Region: Polynesia (Oceania-Australia)

Hawaii II

1200 CE 1580 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 us_hawaii_2 / Hawaii2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1000 CE 1200 CE Hawaii I (us_hawaii_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1580 CE 1778 CE Hawaii III (us_hawaii_3) [None]

General Description

Hawai’i, also known as the Big Island, is the largest island of the Hawaiian archipelago. Our ’Hawaii 2’ refers to the period from 1200 to 1580 CE. 1200 marks the beginning of archaeologist Patrick Kirch’s ’expansion period’, ^[1] while 1580 is the approximate date of the formation of the first island-wide unitary kingdom. ^[2]
Population and political organization
According to reconstructions of Hawaiki, the ancestral Polynesian homeland, ancient Polynesians recognized the authority of the *ariki, that is, the head of a lineage, who had both secular and sacred authority and was in charge of most, if not all, rituals. ^[3] However, a few thousand years separate Ancestral Polynesians from the earliest Hawaiians, and it is not clear how much the latter retained of the former’s culture and sociopolitical organization. The earliest island-wide unitary kingdom on the Big Island emerged around 1580; ^[2] before then, the Big Island was probably divided into several small, independent polities. ^[4]
It is currently not possible to reconstruct the exact population of a typical Big Island community at this time. ^[5] No up-to-date estimates have been found in the literature. Scholars do, however, distinguish between distinct phases of demographic and agricultural development after the initial colonization period. From 1200 to 1400 CE, Hawaiians experienced significant population growth and adapted their technology and subsistence economy to local conditions while maintaining long-distance contact with Eastern Polynesia. From 1400 to 1580 CE, population growth peaked and began to stabilize, contact with Eastern Polynesia ceased, and large-scale dryland field systems were established across the Big Island. ^[6]

[1]: (Kirch 2010, 127-28) Patrick V. Kirch. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

[2]: (Kirch 2010, 174) Patrick V. Kirch. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

[3]: (Kirch 2012, 45) Patrick V. Kirch. 2012. A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

[4]: (Kirch 2016, personal communication)

[5]: Kirch, personal communication

[6]: (Kirch 2010, 127-28) Patrick V. Kirch. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

6 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Polity Territory

4 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

2 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

2 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

4 Power Transition

Instability Events

7 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2) was in:
(1200 CE 1649 CE)	Big Island Hawaii

Home NGA: Big Island Hawaii

General Variables

Identity and Location Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	5 Q Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Original Name	Hawaii II Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital) Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Alternative Name	Hawai'i Island Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Alternative Name	Big Island of Hawai'i Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Alternative Name	Island of Hawai'i Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Alternative Name	Big Island Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Alternative Name	Owyhee Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Alternative Name	Owhyhee Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Temporal Bounds Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1580 CE Expert
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Duration	[1200 CE ➜ 1580 CE] Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	unknown [---] Suspected Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Hawaii III Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Preceding Entity 1000 CE 1200 CE	Hawaii I (us_hawaii_1) [continuity] Expert
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Succeeding Entity 1580 CE 1778 CE	Hawaii III (us_hawaii_3) [None] Expert
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Language Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Austronesian Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Language	Hawaiian Expert	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Religion Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Polity Territory	[1,500 to 3,000] km²	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Polity Population	[3,500 to 7,000] people	1200 CE
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Polity Population	[7,000 to 13,200] people	1300 CE
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Polity Population	[13,200 to 22,000] people	1400 CE
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Polity Population	[22,000 to 50,000] people	1500 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[1 to 2]	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Professions Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1500 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1500 CE 1580 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Law Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Judge	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Court	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Irrigation System	Absent	1200 CE 1390 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1390 CE 1580 CE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Port	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Canal	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Bridge	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Writing System Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Script	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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History	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Fiction	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Calendar	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Information / Money Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Information / Postal System Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Courier	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Information / Measurement System Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Long Wall	absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Military use of Metals Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Iron	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Copper	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Bronze	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Projectiles Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Composite Bow	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Atlatl	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Handheld weapons Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Sword	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Spear	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Dagger	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Battle Axe	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Animals used in warfare Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Donkey	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Dog	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Camel	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Armor Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Helmet	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Naval technology Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent Inferred	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1200 CE 1580 CE
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Human Sacrifice Hawaii II (us_hawaii_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More