Home Region: Mexico (North America)

Oaxaca - Tierras Largas

1400 BCE 1150 BCE

D G SC WF

EQ 2020 mx_tierras_largas / MxTieLa

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Archaic Period] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1150 BCE 700 BCE Oaxaca - San Jose (mx_san_jose) [continuity]

General Description

The Tierras Largas phase refers to the period from 1400 to 1150 BCE. It was named for an archaeological site in the Etla subregion of the Valley of Oaxaca, Southern Mexico. ^[1]
Population and political organization
There is no evidence for a widespread unified polity during the Tierras Largas phase, and very little indication of social differentiation between or within communities. The period has therefore been characterized as one of egalitarian social organization, in which status could perhaps be achieved but not inherited. ^[2] The population, estimated at 500-1000, was dispersed throughout the valley with settlements clustered on the most fertile land in the Etla arm. ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] Most of these settlements were small (between one and three hectares), except for San José Mogote, which was larger (seven hectares), had a defensive palisade and featured larger buildings that could have been used as public spaces. ^[7] However, there is no evidence that the influence of San José Mogote extended beyond the village to other settlements. ^[7] The ’type site’, Tierras Largas, covered around 1.6-2.2 ha and consisted of 5-10 households with nearby storage pits. ^[8] The inhabitants of the valley cultivated domestic crops and supplemented their diet by gathering wild fruits and hunting animals. More intensive forms of agriculture had not yet developed. ^[9]

[1]: (Hodges 1989, 26) Denise C. Hodges. 1989. Agricultural Intensification and Prehistoric Health in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, Vol. 9. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.

[2]: (Flannery and Marcus 2005, 6) Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus. 2005. Excavations at San José Mogote 1: The Household Archaeology. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.

[3]: (Marcus and Flannery 1996, 88) Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery. 1996. Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames and Hudson.

[4]: (Joyce 2009, 74-75) Arthur A. Joyce. 2009. Mixtecs, Zapotecs, and Chatinos: Ancient Peoples of Southern Mexico. Malden, MA: Wiley‐Blackwell.

[5]: (Flannery and Marcus 2005, 7) Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus. 2005. Excavations at San José Mogote 1: The Household Archaeology. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.

[6]: (Feinman et al. 1985, 337) Gary M. Feinman, Stephen A. Kowalewski, Laura Finsten, Richard E. Blanton and Linda Nicholas. 1985. ’Long-term Demographic Change: A Perspective from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico’. Journal of Field Archaeology 12 (3): 333-62.

[7]: (Joyce 2009, 74) Arthur A. Joyce. 2009. Mixtecs, Zapotecs, and Chatinos: Ancient Peoples of Southern Mexico. Malden, MA: Wiley‐Blackwell.

[8]: (Marcus and Flannery 1996, 84) Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery. 1996. Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames and Hudson.

[9]: (Hodges 1989, 28) Denise C. Hodges. 1989. Agricultural Intensification and Prehistoric Health in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, Vol. 9. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

1 Geometrical Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas) was in:
(1400 BCE 1151 BCE)	Valley of Oaxaca

Home NGA: Valley of Oaxaca

General Variables

Identity and Location Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	14 Q	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Original Name	Tierras Largas	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital)	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Alternative Name	Early Prehistoric	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Alternative Name	Early Formative	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[1400 BCE ➜ 1150 BCE]
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Duration	[1400 BCE ➜ 1150 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Early Formative	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	MxSanGu	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	3,000 km²	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Archaic Period [continuity] Update here
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Succeeding Entity 1150 BCE 700 BCE	Oaxaca - San Jose (mx_san_jose) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Language Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Proto-Otomanguean	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Language	uncoded Undecided	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Religion Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[71 to 340] people	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Polity Territory	- Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Polity Population	- Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	1	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Religious Level	1	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Military Level	1	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Administrative Level	1	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Professions Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Law Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Judge	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Court	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Irrigation System	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Port	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Canal	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Bridge	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Information / Writing System Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Script	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Sacred Text	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Religious Literature	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Practical Literature	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Philosophy	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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History	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Fiction	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Calendar	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Information / Money Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Precious Metal	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Article	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Information / Postal System Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Courier	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Geometrical Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Absent Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Military use of Metals Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Iron	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Copper	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Bronze	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Projectiles Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Composite Bow	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Atlatl	Present Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Handheld weapons Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Sword	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Spear	Present Inferred	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Dagger	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Battle Axe	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Donkey	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Dog	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Camel	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Armor Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Helmet	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Naval technology Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Oaxaca - Tierras Largas (mx_tierras_largas)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More