No General Descriptions provided.
| Year Range | Kingdom of Georgia II (ge_georgia_k_2) was in: |
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in squared kilometers
Greatest territorial extent reached in 1213 CE.
[1]
David II (III) (1089-1125 CE) "defeated the Kakhetian king and annexed Ereti-Kakheti to Georgia" in 1105 CE.
[2]
"for most of history the lands in which Georgian speakers have lived have been divided into two principal parts, separated by the Surami mountain range. Western Georgia, lying in the basin of the Rioni (Phasis) River, was in ancient times known as Colchis and later as LAzica, Abasgia, or Imeretia. Among the Georgians western Georgia was first referred to as Egrisi, later as Abkhazeti, and most recently as Imereti. Eastern Georgia, larger in territory and running along the Kura (Cyrus) River, was called Iberia (Hiberia) by the classical world and Kartli by the Georgians. Less well known but historically a part of Georgia is an area lying to the southwest of Imereti, in the valleys of the Chorokhi and the upper Kura, a land referred to as Zemo Kartli (Upper Iberia) or Meskhia. The lands to the south of the Kura but east of Upper Iberia are sometimes referred to as Kvemo Kartli (Lower Iberia), while the lands to the north, on the otherside of the Kura, are called Shida Kartli (Inner Iberia)."
[3]
[1]: (Kunker 2008, 302) Fritz Rudolf Kunker. 2008. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. 137. AUKTION. The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins Part III. Numismatischer Verlag Künker.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[3]: (Suny 1994, 3) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
levels.
1. Capital
2. Provincial towns 3. Towns 4. Villages "David and Dmitri [Dimitri I (1125-1154 CE)] had not only to rebuild the towns, villages, churches, roads, and bridges, but above all to repeople the desolate ruins."
[1]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
levels.
Christian priests clergy with literary culture.
[1]
King David’s reforms: "In 1103 he convened the Ruisi-Urbnisi church council, at which he purged the clerical hierarchy of his opponents. He then combined the highest secular office in his kingdom, the chancellorship or mtsignobartukhutsesi, with the highest religious office, the bishopric of Chqondideli. To the new post of mtsignobartukhutses-chqondideli David appointed his teacher and closest advisor ... The new chancellor-procurator also was given judicial powers and influence in both domestic and foreign affairs; he soon came to be called vaziri (vizier) in imitation of that powerful office in Islamic countries."
[2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
levels.
The police chief and vizier outranked the commander in chief of the army, the amirspasalar, who, taking orders from king David, controlled 60,000 permanent forces.
[1]
Second in command of the army was the protostratori (later amirakhori).
[1]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
levels.
"Like Bagrat III before him, David II hoped to eliminate or at least diminish the autonomy of the dynastic princes and to create a more centralized and hierarchical feudal monarchy. Like the unifier of Georgia, so the rebuilder replaced the dynastic aristocrats, who had hereditary claims on provincial holdings, with a service nobility dependent on the king. The king appointed a mosakargave (a salaried governor) as his local official in each area he held. The officer’s duty was to uproot the eristavni, who by the early Middle Ages held their territories in hereditary tenure. In each margravate David appointed a marzpan (viceroy) who over time took on the title of monapire (from the Georgian napiri [borderland]). Unlike his predecessors, David II also re-established royal authority over the church. In 1103 he convened the Ruisi-Urbnisi church council, at which he purged the clerical hierarchy of his opponents. He then combined the highest secular office in his kingdom, the chancellorship or mtsignobartukhutsesi, with the highest religious office, the bishopric of Chqondideli. To the new post of mtsignobartukhutses-chqondideli David appointed his teacher and closest advisor ... The new chancellor-procurator also was given judicial powers and influence in both domestic and foreign affairs; he soon came to be called vaziri (vizier) in imitation of that powerful office in Islamic countries."
[1]
1. King
Lands held directly by the king called sakhaso.
[2]
2. Council of Nobles Nobles of the council (darbazi).
[3]
King David employed the nobles - the now ex-eristavni - within his centralized government.
[1]
_Court government_
2. Vizier The police chief and vizier outranked the commander in chief of the army, the amirspasalar, who, taking orders from king David, controlled 60,000 permanent forces.
[1]
""In 1103 he convened the Ruisi-Urbnisi church council, at which he purged the clerical hierarchy of his opponents. He then combined the highest secular office in his kingdom, the chancellorship or mtsignobartukhutsesi, with the highest religious office, the bishopric of Chqondideli. To the new post of mtsignobartukhutses-chqondideli David appointed his teacher and closest advisor ... The new chancellor-procurator also was given judicial powers and influence in both domestic and foreign affairs; he soon came to be called vaziri (vizier) in imitation of that powerful office in Islamic countries."
[1]
2. Police chief (mandaturktukhutsesi) Police chief called the mandaturtukhutsesi "who ranked just below the vaziri."
[1]
3? Chancery - Director of finances? (mechurchletukhutsesi) King’s civil service. "Toumanoff notes that ’Georgian kings entrusted, to the very end of the Georgian polity, their chanceries to houses of Armenian origin and often conducted their correspondence with foreign monarchs in Armenian.’"
[4]
Director of finances called mechurchletukhutsesi.
[1]
4. 5. Lower level administrators? e.g. 4. Head of Mint, 5. Mint worker
_Provincial government_
2. Mosakargave in a province The king appointed a mosakargave (a salaried governor) as his local official in each area he held. The officer’s duty was to uproot the eristavni, who by the early Middle Ages held their territories in hereditary tenure."
[1]
3. Lower level administrators?
3. Marzpan in a margravate In each margravate David appointed a marzpan (viceroy) who over time took on the title of monapire (from the Georgian napiri [borderland])."
[1]
4. Lower level administrators?
2. Qipchak tribal leader The Qipchaks were lead by a tribal leader who eventually lead most of the Qipchaks back to the steppe.
[5]
3. Tribal levels
[1]: (Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[3]: (Suny 1994, 38) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[4]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[5]: (Suny 1994, 36) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Coinage present [2] so presumably mints for coinage.
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Kunker 2008, 302) Fritz Rudolf Kunker. 2008. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. 137. AUKTION. The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins Part III. Numismatischer Verlag Künker.
Giorgi III (IV) (1156-1184 CE) "raised men of low birth to high office in order to break the aristocratic monopoly in the government."
[1]
"Toumanoff notes that ’Georgian kings entrusted, to the very end of the Georgian polity, their chanceries to houses of Armenian origin and often conducted their correspondence with foreign monarchs in Armenian.’"
[2]
King David invited Armenians to settle to increase the population and also 40,000 Qipchak nomadic warriors, who converted to Christianity. Many were employed in his centralized government.
[3]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[3]: (Suny 1994, 35-36) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service.
[1]
Giorgi III (IV) (1156-1184 CE) "raised men of low birth to high office in order to break the aristocratic monopoly in the government."
[2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
In 1103 CE "The new chancellor-procurator also was given judicial powers and influence in both domestic and foreign affairs; he soon came to be called vaziri (vizier) in imitation of that powerful office in Islamic countries." [1] The highest judge is not a specialist. Were there lower judges who were specialists?
[1]: (Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service.
[1]
Christian priests clergy with literary culture.
[2]
If a formal legal code existed it may have been introduced or amended at the time of King David’s reforms: "In 1103 he convened the Ruisi-Urbnisi church council, at which he purged the clerical hierarchy of his opponents. He then combined the highest secular office in his kingdom, the chancellorship or mtsignobartukhutsesi, with the highest religious office, the bishopric of Chqondideli. To the new post of mtsignobartukhutses-chqondideli David appointed his teacher and closest advisor ... The new chancellor-procurator also was given judicial powers and influence in both domestic and foreign affairs; he soon came to be called vaziri (vizier) in imitation of that powerful office in Islamic countries."
[3]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[3]: (Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
King David established new towns e.g. Gori. [1] "David and Dmitri [Dimitri I (1125-1154 CE)] had not only to rebuild the towns, villages, churches, roads, and bridges, but above all to repeople the desolate ruins." [1]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
King David established new towns e.g. Gori. [1] "David and Dmitri [Dimitri I (1125-1154 CE)] had not only to rebuild the towns, villages, churches, roads, and bridges, but above all to repeople the desolate ruins." [1] The people practiced agriculture. "The area under crops increased and the irrigation system was expanded. In Queen Tamar’s reign two major irrigation projects, the Alazani and and Samgori canals, were dug. The progress of agriculture, in its turn, favoured the development of the..." [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Mesxia 1968, 19) Sota Mesxia. 1968. An Outline of Georgian History. Tbilisi University Press.
King David established new towns e.g. Gori. [1] "David and Dmitri [Dimitri I (1125-1154 CE)] had not only to rebuild the towns, villages, churches, roads, and bridges, but above all to repeople the desolate ruins." [1] The people practiced agriculture. "The area under crops increased and the irrigation system was expanded. In Queen Tamar’s reign two major irrigation projects, the Alazani and and Samgori canals, were dug. The progress of agriculture, in its turn, favoured the development of the..." [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Mesxia 1968, 19) Sota Mesxia. 1968. An Outline of Georgian History. Tbilisi University Press.
King David established new towns e.g. Gori. [1] "David and Dmitri [Dimitri I (1125-1154 CE)] had not only to rebuild the towns, villages, churches, roads, and bridges, but above all to repeople the desolate ruins." [1] David II (III) (1089-1125 CE) was known as ’aghmashenebeli’ (the Rebuilder). [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
Svetitskhoveli cathedral. "In the early eleventh century a great cathedral was built in Mtskheta, at the confluence of the Kura and Aragvi rivers."
[1]
"At the height of the Georgian monarchy in the twelfth century, David II built a monastery at Gelati in western Georgia. Attached to it was a noted academy in which philosophers like Ioanne Petritsi and Catholicos Arseni lived and worked."
[1]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 38) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
"The area under crops increased and the irrigation system was expanded. In Queen Tamar’s reign two major irrigation projects, the Alazani and and Samgori canals, were dug. The progress of agriculture, in its turn, favoured the development of the..." [1] Could the irrigation canals be used to transport goods and people by boat?
[1]: (Mesxia 1968, 19) Sota Mesxia. 1968. An Outline of Georgian History. Tbilisi University Press.
Silver mining. [1]
[1]: (Kunker 2008, 302) Fritz Rudolf Kunker. 2008. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. 137. AUKTION. The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins Part III. Numismatischer Verlag Künker.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [1] "The earliest Georgian literature, the stories of saints and martyrs, established a pleiade of Christian heroines and heroes ... who provided examples of piety and sacrifice for the faithful to follow. In stone, in manuscripts, and in simple illustrations and carvings, artists and writers formulated a Georgian Christianity that was distinct..." [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2] Also the city-culture of Islamic Tiblisi.
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
Rustaveli was a famous Georgian poet who was alive during the reign of Queen Tamar (1184-1212 CE). [1] "Poets with distinctly Iranian tastes provided the feudal hierarchy with songs and poems that sang of valor, love, adventure, fidelity to friends, and the glory of women." [2] Epic poem vepkhistiqaosani ’The Knight in the Panther’s Skin’. [1]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] "From 1126 until they came under Persian dominion the Georgians used dates on their coins based on the so-called ’Paschal cycle.’ ... This system of 532-year cycles, known as the Koronikoni, or Chronicon, was first mentioned in Georgian Literature in 826 AD. It was possibly introduced in Georgia by Syrian Christians." [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Kunker 2008, 304) Fritz Rudolf Kunker. 2008. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. 137. AUKTION. The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins Part III. Numismatischer Verlag Künker.
Coinage. [1] Despite the high culture of this “Golden Age”, coinage was very primitive. Coins were made of copper, shaped irregularly, and had a marked value clearly above that of the metal (so-called Kreditmunzen, credit coins literally). [1]
[1]: (Kunker 2008, 302) Fritz Rudolf Kunker. 2008. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. 137. AUKTION. The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins Part III. Numismatischer Verlag Künker.
Diplomats? Worked to maintain peaceful relations with Byzantine Empire [1] and Trebizond Empire (under queen T’amar). [2] "Toumanoff notes that ’Georgian kings entrusted, to the very end of the Georgian polity, their chanceries to houses of Armenian origin and often conducted their correspondence with foreign monarchs in Armenian.’" [3]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 36) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Kunker 2008, 302) Fritz Rudolf Kunker. 2008. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. 137. AUKTION. The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins Part III. Numismatischer Verlag Künker.
[3]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
The Georgian king had a civil service. [1] Christian priests clergy with literary culture. [2]
[1]: (Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.
[2]: (Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.