Home Region:  Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Byzantine Empire III

1073 CE 1204 CE
EQ 2020  tr_byzantine_emp_3 / TrByzM3
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
867 CE 1072 CE Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)    [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.
1077 CE 1307 CE Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)    [absorption]

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  General Description  
The Byzantine period (1073-1204 CE) began with Michael VII Ducas (r.1071-1078 CE [1] and ended in disintegration with court in-fighting over the regency agenda for Manuel’s heir Alexios II [2] , which preceded the devastating 1204 CE conquest of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade. [3] The state had controlled about 500,000 km2 territory and upwards of 6 million people.
In ideology the Byzantine Empire carried the Roman worldview of its rightful domain of influence. Byzantine Emperors "recognized neither the western Frankish Empire nor the Bulgarian Emperor" and "never gave up its claims to universal rule. It claimed to be at the apex of the family of kings; it was the father, they were the sons." [4] The reality was that, although the state could maintain a professional army of over 100,000 soldiers, [5] increasingly the Byzantine state was dependent on allies for the the projection of military power. "Emperors from the time of Basil II found it cheaper to call upon allies and dependents, such as Venice, to supply warships, than to pay for an expensive standing fleet at Constantinople." [6]
Nevertheless the Byzantine government was, in terms of sophistication, with its legion of professional officials employed on state salary, a cut-above that which was present in the western states of the middle ages. [7] [5] The Emperor headed a complex imperial government that was led by a Mesazon (Prime minister) who had secretaries and an official called Master of Petitions who took feedback from the people. Provinces were governed by doukes (provincial governors) who had provincial administrations staffed with multiple levels of fiscal administrators. [8]

[1]: (Haussig 1971, Chronological Table) H W Haussig. J M Hussey, trans. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.

[2]: (Holmes 2008, 276) E Jeffreys. J Haldon. R Cormack. eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences

[4]: (Haussig 1971, 201) H W Haussig. J M Hussey, trans. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.

[5]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)

[6]: (Haldon 2008, 560) E Jeffreys. J Haldon. R Cormack. eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[7]: (Haussig 1971, 54) Haussig, H W. trans Hussey, J M. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.

[8]: (Haldon 2008, 550) E Jeffreys. J Haldon. R Cormack. eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3) was in:
 (1073 CE 1203 CE) Crete
Home NGA: Crete

General Variables
Identity and Location Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Utm Zone 35 T Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Original Name 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Capital 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Alternative Name 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Alternative Name 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Alternative Name 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Alternative Name 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Alternative Name 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Temporal Bounds Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Peak Years
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Duration
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Political and Cultural Relations Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Suprapolity Relations 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Supracultural Entity 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Succeeding Entity Latin Empire Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity continuity Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Succeeding Entity
1077 CE 1307 CE
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Preceding Entity
867 CE 1072 CE
Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)   [continuity]  Expert
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Degree of Centralization unitary state Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Language Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Linguistic Family Indo-European Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Language 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Religion Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Religion Genus Christianity Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Religion Family Orthodox Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Religion Byzantine Orthodox Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Alternate Religion Uncoded Undecided Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Population of the Largest Settlement 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Polity Territory 1080 CE
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Polity Territory 1090 CE 1150 CE
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Polity Territory 1200 CE
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Polity Population 1100 CE
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Polity Population 1150 CE
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Polity Population 1150 CE
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Polity Population 1200 CE
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Polity Population 1200 CE
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Polity Population 1200 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Religious Level 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Military Level 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Administrative Level 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Professions Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Professional Priesthood 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Professional Military Officer 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Merit Promotion 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Examination System 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Law Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Judge 1073 CE  1204 CE
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1073 CE  1204 CE
Court 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Market 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Irrigation System 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Food Storage Site 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Road 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Port 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Canal 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Bridge 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Mines or Quarry 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Information / Writing System Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Script 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Nonwritten Record 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Mnemonic Device 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Scientific Literature 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Sacred Text 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Religious Literature 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Practical Literature 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Philosophy 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification 1073 CE  1204 CE
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History 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Fiction 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Calendar 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Information / Money Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Token 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Precious Metal 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Paper Currency 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Indigenous Coin 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Foreign Coin 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Article 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Information / Postal System Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station 1073 CE  1204 CE
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General Postal Service 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Courier 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Information / Measurement System Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared Present 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Modern Fortification 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Moat 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Fortified Camp 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Earth Rampart 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Ditch 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Complex Fortification Present 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Military use of Metals Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Steel 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Iron 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Copper Present 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Bronze 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Projectiles Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Sling Siege Engine 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Sling 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Javelin 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Handheld Firearm 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Crossbow 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Composite Bow 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Atlatl Absent 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Handheld weapons Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
War Club 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Sword 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Spear 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Polearm 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Dagger Present 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Battle Axe 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Animals used in warfare Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Horse 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Elephant 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Donkey 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Dog 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Camel 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Armor Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Wood Bark Etc 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Shield 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Scaled Armor 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Plate Armor 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Limb Protection 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Leather Cloth 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Laminar Armor 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Helmet 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Chainmail 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Breastplate 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Naval technology Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
Variable Coded Value / Certainty Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Human Sacrifice Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)
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Instability Data
Power Transitions