Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Byzantine Empire III

1073 CE 1204 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 tr_byzantine_emp_3 / TrByzM3

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

867 CE 1072 CE Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1077 CE 1307 CE Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate) [absorption]

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General Description

The Byzantine period (1073-1204 CE) began with Michael VII Ducas (r.1071-1078 CE ^[1] and ended in disintegration with court in-fighting over the regency agenda for Manuel’s heir Alexios II ^[2] , which preceded the devastating 1204 CE conquest of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade. ^[3] The state had controlled about 500,000 km2 territory and upwards of 6 million people.
In ideology the Byzantine Empire carried the Roman worldview of its rightful domain of influence. Byzantine Emperors "recognized neither the western Frankish Empire nor the Bulgarian Emperor" and "never gave up its claims to universal rule. It claimed to be at the apex of the family of kings; it was the father, they were the sons." ^[4] The reality was that, although the state could maintain a professional army of over 100,000 soldiers, ^[5] increasingly the Byzantine state was dependent on allies for the the projection of military power. "Emperors from the time of Basil II found it cheaper to call upon allies and dependents, such as Venice, to supply warships, than to pay for an expensive standing fleet at Constantinople." ^[6]
Nevertheless the Byzantine government was, in terms of sophistication, with its legion of professional officials employed on state salary, a cut-above that which was present in the western states of the middle ages. ^[7] ^[5] The Emperor headed a complex imperial government that was led by a Mesazon (Prime minister) who had secretaries and an official called Master of Petitions who took feedback from the people. Provinces were governed by doukes (provincial governors) who had provincial administrations staffed with multiple levels of fiscal administrators. ^[8]

[1]: (Haussig 1971, Chronological Table) H W Haussig. J M Hussey, trans. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.

[2]: (Holmes 2008, 276) E Jeffreys. J Haldon. R Cormack. eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences

[4]: (Haussig 1971, 201) H W Haussig. J M Hussey, trans. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.

[5]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)

[6]: (Haldon 2008, 560) E Jeffreys. J Haldon. R Cormack. eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[7]: (Haussig 1971, 54) Haussig, H W. trans Hussey, J M. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.

[8]: (Haldon 2008, 550) E Jeffreys. J Haldon. R Cormack. eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

5 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

3 Polity Territory

6 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

10 Power Transition

Instability Events

98 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3) was in:
(1073 CE 1203 CE)	Crete

Home NGA: Crete

General Variables

Identity and Location Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	35 T Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Original Name	Bzyantine Empire III Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Capital	Constantinople Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Alternative Name	Eastern Roman Empire Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Alternative Name	Byzantium Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Alternative Name	Basileia ton Rhomaion Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Alternative Name	Middle Byzantine Empire III Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Alternative Name	Empire of the Romans Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Temporal Bounds Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1180 CE Expert
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Duration	[1073 CE ➜ 1204 CE] Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---] Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Christianity Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Latin Empire Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[20,000,000 to 25,000,000] km² Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Succeeding Entity 1077 CE 1307 CE	Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate) [absorption]
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Preceding Entity 867 CE 1072 CE	Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2) [continuity] Expert
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Language Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Language	Greek Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Religion Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Christianity Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Religion Family	Orthodox Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Religion	Byzantine Orthodox Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided Expert	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[100,000 to 400,000] people	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Polity Territory	1,115,000 km²	1080 CE
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Polity Territory	[400,000 to 750,000] km²	1090 CE 1150 CE
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Polity Territory	[480,000 to 600,000] km²	1200 CE
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Polity Population	[5,000,000 to 6,000,000] people	1100 CE
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Polity Population	10,000,000 people Disputed	1150 CE
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Polity Population	6,000,000 people Disputed	1150 CE
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Polity Population	9,000,000 people Disputed	1200 CE
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Polity Population	7,300,000 people Disputed	1200 CE
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Polity Population	6,000,000 people Disputed	1200 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	6	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Religious Level	7	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Military Level	9	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Administrative Level	8	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Professions Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Examination System	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Law Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Judge	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Court	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Port	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Canal	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Bridge	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Information / Writing System Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Script	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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History	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Fiction	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Calendar	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Information / Money Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Article	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Information / Postal System Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Courier	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Information / Measurement System Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Moat	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Ditch	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Military use of Metals Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Iron	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Copper	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Bronze	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Projectiles Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Sling	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Javelin	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Crossbow	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Handheld weapons Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Sword	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Spear	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Polearm	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Dagger	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Animals used in warfare Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Donkey	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Dog	Absent	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Camel	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Armor Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Shield	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Helmet	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Naval technology Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1073 CE 1204 CE
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Human Sacrifice Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More