Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Byzantine Empire II

867 CE 1072 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 tr_byzantine_emp_2 / TrByzM2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

632 CE 866 CE Byzantine Empire I (tr_byzantine_emp_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1073 CE 1204 CE Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3) [continuity]

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General Description

The phase of the Byzantine Empire from 867-1072 CE is commonly known as the Macedonian Dynasty (867-1056 CE), which the dates approximate. The Byzantine culture of the period was a military and aristocratic one with palaces serving "not only as imperial residences but also as administrative centres. They were placed prominently in the centre of cities and surpassed all other public buildings in scale and ostentation." ^[1]
In the previous period the Byzantines responded to the Arab conquests with the creation of themes, whose local commander governors could raise taxes, that enabled the Byzantine elites and their thematic armies to respond more rapidly to external threats with the result of less centralized control. In this era the powers of the themes were drawn back: the number of officials within the thematic administrations increased and by the end of the period the strategos, military governor, was replaced by a krites (judge). ^[2] In the early eleventh century Basil II brought in a professional army directed from Constantinople called the tagmata, which lead to the disappearance of the thematic armies. ^[3]
The professional Byzantine civil service and palace staff was "relatively small, and mostly composed of humble clerks or custodians", although there were some very rich bureaucrats and dignitaries. ^[4] In the 10th CE the most important official was the Grand Chamberlain, who worked in the Great Palace, and was especially influential during periods of regency or when the Emperor was on military campaign. ^[5]
A significant codification of Byzantine law occurred in this period when Leo VI (886-912 CE) in six volumes and sixty books (variously called the Exavivlos or the Vasilika (Basilika)) presented in the Greek language "virtually all the laws in the Justinian Corpus, arranged here (as it had not been before) in a systematic manner." ^[6] A resurgence of literature began, in the early ninth CE, after the Iconoclasm had motivated copying and reading of religious literature. Intellectuals began to receive government positions under "iconoclast emperors". Emperor Theophilus founded Magnaura Palace school, "the empire’s first known public school since the reign of Heraclius." ^[7]
The peak of Byzantine military power and international prestige was under Emperor Basil II who conquered the Bulgarian Empire and continued Byzantine expansion into Syria and Armenia. ^[8]

[1]: (Bakirtzis 2008, 374) E Jeffreys. J Haldon. R Cormack. eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[2]: (Cheynet 2008, 522) E Jeffreys. J Haldon. R Cormack. eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Cheynet 2008, 521) E Jeffreys. J Haldon. R Cormack. eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[4]: (Treadgold 1997, 552) Warren Treadgold. 1997. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. Stanford.

[5]: (Treadgold 1997, 550) Warren Treadgold. 1997. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. Stanford.

[6]: (Gregory 2010, 253-254) Timothy E Gregory. 2010. A History of Byzantium. Second Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Chichester.

[7]: (Treadgold 1997, 559-561) Warren Treadgold. 1997. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. Stanford.

[8]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

7 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

2 Religion Family

2 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

5 Population of the Largest Settlement

4 Polity Territory

2 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

22 Power Transition

Instability Events

128 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2) was in:
(867 CE 961 CE)	Konya Plain
(961 CE 1072 CE)	Crete / Konya Plain

Home NGA: Konya Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	35 T Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Original Name	Bzyantine Empire II Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Capital	Constantinople Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Alternative Name	Macedonian Dynasty Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Alternative Name	Eastern Roman Empire Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Alternative Name	Byzantium Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Alternative Name	The Macedonians Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Alternative Name	Empire of the Romans Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Alternative Name	Basileia ton Rhomaion Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Alternative Name	Middle Byzantine Empire II Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Temporal Bounds Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1025 CE Expert
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Duration	[867 CE ➜ 1072 CE] Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---] Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Christianity Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Byzantine Empire III Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[15,000,000 to 20,000,000] km² Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Preceding Entity 632 CE 866 CE	Byzantine Empire I (tr_byzantine_emp_1) [continuity] Expert
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Succeeding Entity 1073 CE 1204 CE	Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3) [continuity] Expert
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Language Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Language	Greek Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Religion Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Christianity Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Religion Family	Catholic Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Religion Family	Orthodox Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Religion	Roman Catholic Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Religion	Byzantine Orthodox Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided Expert	867 CE 1072 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	100,000 people	867 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	300,000 people Disputed	900 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	100,000 people Disputed	900 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	200,000 people Disputed	1000 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	300,000 people Disputed	1000 CE
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Polity Territory	520,000 km²	867 CE
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Polity Territory	610,000 km²	900 CE
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Polity Territory	810,000 km²	1000 CE
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Polity Territory	1,150,000 km²	1050 CE
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Polity Population	[7,500,000 to 8,500,000] people	900 CE
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Polity Population	[10,000,000 to 14,000,000] people	1000 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	6	867 CE 1072 CE
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Religious Level	7	867 CE 1072 CE
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Military Level	[8 to 9]	867 CE 1072 CE
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Administrative Level	8	867 CE 1072 CE
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Professions Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Examination System	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Law Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Judge	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Court	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Port	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Canal	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Bridge	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Information / Writing System Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Script	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Philosophy	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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History	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Fiction	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Calendar	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Information / Money Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown	867 CE 1072 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Article	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Information / Postal System Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Courier	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Information / Measurement System Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Moat	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Ditch	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Military use of Metals Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Iron	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Copper	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Bronze	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Projectiles Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Sling	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown	867 CE 1072 CE
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Javelin	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Crossbow	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Handheld weapons Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Sword	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Spear	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Polearm	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Dagger	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Animals used in warfare Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Elephant	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	867 CE 1072 CE
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Dog	Absent	867 CE 1072 CE
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Camel	Present Inferred	867 CE 1072 CE
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Armor Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Shield	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Helmet	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Chainmail	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Breastplate	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Naval technology Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	867 CE 1072 CE
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Human Sacrifice Byzantine Empire II (tr_byzantine_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More