Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)
Rum Sultanate
1077 CE 1307 CE
Displayed: 1220 CE
Konya
Konya
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General Description
The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (1077-1307 CE) was probably founded by Suleman Qotlomos after a Turkmen tribe in Syria asked him to lead them.
[1]
The early years of the Sultanate are, however, extremely murky as it is unlikely that any local Muslim chronicles were written.
[1]
It is likely that the government was a largely military arrangement. The regional apparatus was organised with military officials overseeing local tax collectors. The amirs were granted land by the Sultan in return for military service
[2]
At his royal court a core of senior bureaucrats and scribes assisted with the central administration.
[1]
Land, and the right to collect revenue for it, was also distributed by the Sultan to senior officials.
[1]
These positions and the land grants often became hereditary.
[1]
The early 13th century was probably the high point of the Sultanate of Rum
[1]
before Anatolia came under the authority of invading Mongols in the 1240s CE.
[1]
Konya was the largest city of the polity with 30,000-40,000 inhabitants. Crusaders who reached there in 1190 reckoned it was “the size of Cologne".
[3]
[1]: (Peacock 2010) Andrew Peacock ’Saljuqs iii. Saljuqs of Rum. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/saljuqs-iii
[2]: (Fodor 2009, 197) Pal Fodor. “Ottoman Warfare, 1300-1453.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey, edited by Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, and Reşat Kasaba, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[3]: (Cahen 2001, 121) Claude Cahen. 2001. The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Translated by P. M. Holt. A History of the Near East. Harlow, England: Longman.
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
| tr_rum_sultanate vassalage to ir_il_khanate | 1243 CE 1307 CE |
| tr_rum_sultanate nominal allegiance to iq_abbasid_cal_2 |
| Islam |
| Mongol Empire |
| cultural assimilation |
| Preceding: Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3) [absorption] |
| confederated state |
Language
Religion
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information
/ Writing System
Information
/ Kinds of Written Documents
Information
/ Money
Information
/ Postal System
Information
/ Measurement System
Fortifications
| Unknown |
| Unknown |
| inferred Present |
| Unknown |
| inferred Absent |
| Unknown |
| Unknown |
| inferred Present |
| Unknown |
| Absent |
| absent |
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
| Unknown |
| Absent | 1077 CE 1187 CE |
| Unknown | 1188 CE 1199 CE |
| inferred Present | 1200 CE 1299 CE |
| Present | 1300 CE 1307 CE |
| Unknown |
| Present |
| Present |
| Absent |
| Absent |
| inferred Present |
| Present |
| Absent |
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
| inferred Present |
| Present |
| Unknown |
| inferred Present |
| Present |
| Present |
| Present |
| Present |
| Present |
| inferred Present |
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables
Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences
Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions
Coding in Progress.
NGA Settlements:
| Year Range | Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate) was in: |
|---|---|
| (1093 CE 1243 CE) | Konya Plain |
Home NGA: Konya Plain
General Variables
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suprapolity Relations | tr_rum_sultanate vassalage to ir_il_khanate | Confident | 1243 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Suprapolity Relations | tr_rum_sultanate nominal allegiance to iq_abbasid_cal_2 | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Supracultural Entity | Islam | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Succeeding Entity | Mongol Empire | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Relationship to Preceding Entity | cultural assimilation | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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Preceding Entity
1073 CE 1204 CE
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Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3) [absorption] | Confident | |||||||||
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| Degree of Centralization | confederated state | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linguistic Family | Indo-European | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Linguistic Family | Afro-Asiatic | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Language | Turkish | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Language | Persian | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Language | Arabic | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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Social Complexity Variables
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population of the Largest Settlement | [30,000 to 40,000] people | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Polity Territory | [250,000 to 300,000] km2 | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Polity Population | [1,500,000 to 2,000,000] people | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialized Government Building | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Merit Promotion | Absent | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Full Time Bureaucrat | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Examination System | Absent | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Market | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mines or Quarry | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written Record | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Script | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Phonetic Alphabetic Writing | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Nonwritten Record | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Non Phonetic Writing | Absent | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Mnemonic Device | Uncoded | Undecided | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific Literature | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Sacred Text | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Religious Literature | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Practical Literature | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Philosophy | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Lists Tables and Classification | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| History | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Fiction | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Calendar | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Token | Uncoded | Undecided | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Precious Metal | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Paper Currency | Absent | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Indigenous Coin | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Foreign Coin | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Article | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Debt And Credit Structure | Uncoded | Undecided | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postal Station | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| General Postal Service | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Courier | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wooden Palisade | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Stone Walls Non Mortared | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Stone Walls Mortared | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Settlements in a Defensive Position | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Modern Fortification | Absent | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moat | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Fortified Camp | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Earth Rampart | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Ditch | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Complex Fortification | Absent | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Long Wall | absent | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tension Siege Engine | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Sling Siege Engine | Absent | Confident | 1077 CE 1187 CE | ||||||||
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| Sling Siege Engine | Unknown | Suspected | 1188 CE 1199 CE | ||||||||
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| Sling Siege Engine | Present | Inferred | 1200 CE 1299 CE | ||||||||
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| Sling Siege Engine | Present | Confident | 1300 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Sling | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Self Bow | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Javelin | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Handheld Firearm | Absent | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Gunpowder Siege Artillery | Absent | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Crossbow | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Composite Bow | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Atlatl | Absent | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| War Club | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Sword | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Spear | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Polearm | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Dagger | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Battle Axe | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wood Bark Etc | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Shield | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Scaled Armor | Unknown | Suspected | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Plate Armor | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Limb Protection | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Leather Cloth | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Laminar Armor | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Helmet | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Chainmail | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Breastplate | Present | Inferred | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moralizing Enforcement is Broad | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement in This Life | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Certain | Present | Confident | 1077 CE 1307 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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Crisis Cases
Instability Data
Power Transitions