Home Region: Iran (Southwest Asia)

Ilkhanate

1256 CE 1339 CE

D G SC WF CC

EQ 2020 ir_il_khanate / IrIlkhn

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1206 CE 1270 CE Mongol Empire (mn_mongol_emp) [secession]

[cultural assimilation, elite migration; Seljuk Empire] [elite replacement] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1336 CE 1393 CE Jayarid Khanate (ir_jayarid_khanate) [secession]

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General Description

The Ilkhanate was a state that began under Mongol commander Hulegu who founded the House of Hulegu. ^[1] The nearly eighty years the dynasty lasted was a time of general economic prosperity for the 5 million inhabitants of Persia. The end of the Ilkhanate came when Abu Said, who it is said "ruled during what was described as the ’best period of the domination of the Mongols". ^[1] , died without an heir, which resulted in the Jalayirids becoming the strongest faction in the region. ^[2]
The Mongol invaders assimilated to the local culture in Persia. They converted to Islam, used the local languages (Persian and Arabic), and maintained existing Persian administrative practices, the financing of which was underpinned by iqta land grants awarded to senior bureaucrats and army officers. ^[3] ^[4] According to the Persian historian Rashid al-Din, who was chief minister to Ghazan ^[5] , the Mongols assessed the vizier (chief of the bureaucracy) on his ability to extract revenue. ^[6] Even so, previously better known in the region as barbarians bent on destruction, the Mongols rebuilt many hospitals, mosques, and observatories, and impressive mausoleums to the rulers appeared in the cities. ^[4] ^[3]
During this period, Sultaniya was a famous commercial center and after the intense building activities of Oljetu (r.1304-1316 CE) the ’great city’ became the capital. As a result of the work, the circumference of the outer walls almost tripled in length, containing within new fabulous palaces, gardens, and a purpose-built quarter of a thousand houses. ^[7] The largest city in the Ilkhanate at this time was probably Tabriz which also "developed into a great metropolis". ^[8] Tabriz had a cistern for drinking water and baths with hot water. ^[9] In 1300 CE Tabriz may have contained 100,000-200,000 inhabitants.

[1]: (Marshall 1993, 229) Robert Marshall. 1993. Storm from the East: From Ghengis Khan to Khubilai Khan. University of California Press.

[2]: (Morgan 2015, 78) David Morgan. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.

[3]: (Morgan 2007, 134-148) David Morgan. The Mongols. 2nd ed. The Peoples of Europe. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

[4]: (Amitai 2012) Reuven Amitai. 2012. Il-Khanids. Dynastic History. IranicaOnline. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history

[5]: (Marshall 1993, 228) Robert Marshall. 1993. Storm from the East: From Ghengis Khan to Khubilai Khan. University of California Press.

[6]: (Morgan 2015, 67) David Morgan. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.

[7]: (Marozzi 2004, 133-135) J Marozzi. 2004. Tamerlane. HarperCollinsPublishers. London.

[8]: (Morgan 2015, 69) David Morgan. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.

[9]: (Houtsma et al. 1993, 586) M Th. Houtsma. A J Wensinck. H A R Gibb. W Heffening. E Levi-Provencal. First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. E.J. Brill. Leiden.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

3 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

4 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

2 Relationship to preceding Entity

3 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

3 Language

Religion

2 Religion Genus

3 Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

2 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Drinking Water Supply System

1 Entertainment Building

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

14 Power Transition

Instability Events

35 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate) was in:
(1263 CE 1326 CE)	Southern Mesopotamia / Susiana / Konya Plain
(1326 CE 1335 CE)	Southern Mesopotamia / Susiana

Home NGA: Susiana

General Variables

Identity and Location Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	38 E	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Original Name	Il-khanate	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Capital	Maragha	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Capital	Tabriz	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Capital	Sultaniya	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Alternative Name	Il-Khanate	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Alternative Name	Il-Khanids	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Alternative Name	House of Hulegu	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Temporal Bounds Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1316 CE
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Duration	[1256 CE ➜ 1339 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	tr_rum_sultanate vassalage to ir_il_khanate	1243 CE 1307 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	tr_ottoman_emirate vassalage to ir_il_khanate	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	ir_il_khanate nominal allegiance to cn_yuan_dyn	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	ir_il_khanate nominal allegiance to mn_mongol_emp	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Mongolian	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Chobanids	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	25,000,000 km²	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	cultural assimilation	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	elite migration	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Succeeding Entity 1336 CE 1393 CE	Jayarid Khanate (ir_jayarid_khanate) [secession] Suspected
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Preceding Entity 1206 CE 1270 CE	Mongol Empire (mn_mongol_emp) [secession]
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Preceding Entity	cultural assimilation, elite migration; Seljuk Empire [elite replacement] Update here
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Language Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Language	Mongolian	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Language	Persian	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Language	Arabic	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Religion Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Buddhism	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Religion Genus	Islam	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Religion Family	Sunni	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Religion Family	Shii	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Religion Family	Sunni	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[100,000 to 200,000] people	1300 CE
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Polity Territory	3,800,000 km²	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Polity Population	5,250,000 people	1300 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[4 to 5]	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Religious Level	3	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Military Level	6	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Administrative Level	6	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Professions Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	1256 CE 1303 CE
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Professional Soldier	Present	1304 CE 1335 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present Inferred	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Law Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Judge	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Court	Present Inferred	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Entertainment Building	Uncoded Undecided	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Port	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Canal	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Bridge	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Information / Writing System Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Script	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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History	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Fiction	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Calendar	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Information / Money Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Paper Currency	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Article	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Information / Postal System Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Courier	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Information / Measurement System Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Moat	Present Inferred	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Ditch	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Military use of Metals Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Iron	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Projectiles Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Sling	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Self Bow	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Javelin	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Crossbow	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Handheld weapons Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Sword	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Spear	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Polearm	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Dagger	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Animals used in warfare Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Dog	Absent	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Camel	Present Inferred	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Armor Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Shield	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Helmet	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Naval technology Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1256 CE 1339 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Ilkhanate (ir_il_khanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More