Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Ottoman Emirate

1299 CE 1402 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 tr_ottoman_emirate / TrOttm1

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[elite migration; Karamanid Emirate] [elite replacement] Update here

[elite migration; Late Byzantine] [elite replacement] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1402 CE 1517 CE Ottoman Empire I (tr_ottoman_emp_1) [continuity]

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General Description

The polity of the Ottomans was originally one of many small Turkish principalities on the border of the Byzantine realm ^[1] against whom their ghazi chieftain launched raids for territory and plunder. Through both warfare and diplomacy with farmers, townspeople and Christian nobles, they eventually forced the submission of the western Balkans and then annexed their rival Turkish principalities in western Anatolia. ^[1] The massive expansion of the Ottoman polity (18,000 km2 in 1320 CE to 690,000 km2 by 1400 CE) came to an abrupt halt with the invasion of Timur in 1402 CE who conquered the Ottomans and made its ruler a vassal. There was then a civil war for control of the Ottoman state which ends the first period (1290-1402 CE).
As the polity rapidly expanded, the Ottoman government was run out of a succession of capitals: Sogut (1299-1325 CE), Bursa (1326-1364 CE), and Adrianople (1364-1413 CE) all provided a base for a period. The title of Sultan was introduced in 1383 CE by Murat I (1362-1389 CE). His government was an extension of his court and the top officials were directly appointed, and increasingly powerful through the period. ^[2] An Imperial Council (divan) ^[3] issued his decrees and made less important and administrative policy decisions. ^[3] Viziers in the government were able to make some appointments in the name of the Sultan at the very least by the fifteenth century. ^[4] The date when the Grand Vizier became the most powerful official in the state is disputed; some scholars believe this occurred c1360 CE ^[5] while Ottoman tradition has it when Mehmed II stopped attending meetings in early 15th century. ^[6]
Provinces with governors probably did not exist until the 1380s CE. ^[7] The rapid increase in size of the Ottoman state meant that the winner of the Ottoman civil war would gain control of territory that held 5 million people.

[1]: (Lapidus 2012, 429) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

[2]: (Imber 2002, 148) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. PalgraveMacmillan. Basingstoke.

[3]: (Imber 2002, 154) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. PalgraveMacmillan. Basingstoke.

[4]: (Imber 2002, 156) Imber, Colin. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. PalgraveMacmillan. Basingstoke.

[5]: (Shaw 1976, 22) Stanford J Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808. Cambridge University Press.

[6]: (Imber 2002, 156) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. PalgraveMacmillan. Basingstoke.

[7]: (Imber 2002, 177) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. The Structure of Power. PalgraveMacmillan. Basingstoke.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

5 Capital

5 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

3 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

3 Polity Succession

2 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

2 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

5 Polity Territory

3 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

2 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

3 Administrative Level

Professions

2 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

2 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

2 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

3 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

3 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

Naval technology

2 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

3 Power Transition

Instability Events

6 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate) was in:
(1393 CE 1402 CE)	Konya Plain

Home NGA: Konya Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	35 T Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Original Name	Ottoman Emirate Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Capital	Adrianople Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Capital	Karajahisar Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Capital	Erdine Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Capital	Sogut Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Capital	Bursa Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Alternative Name	Ottoman Dynasty Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Alternative Name	Ottoman Beylik Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Alternative Name	Osmanli Dynasty Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Alternative Name	Othman Dynasty Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Alternative Name	Ottoman Principality Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Temporal Bounds Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1402 CE Expert
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Duration	[1299 CE ➜ 1402 CE] Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	tr_ottoman_emirate vassalage to ir_il_khanate	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Turkic Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Islamic Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Persian Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Ottoman Empire I Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[4,500,000 to 5,000,000] km² Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	elite migration Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Succeeding Entity 1402 CE 1517 CE	Ottoman Empire I (tr_ottoman_emp_1) [continuity] Expert
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Preceding Entity	elite migration; Karamanid Emirate [elite replacement] Update here Expert
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Preceding Entity	elite migration; Late Byzantine [elite replacement] Update here Expert
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Degree of Centralization	loose Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Language Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Turkic Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Language	Ottoman Turkish Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Religion Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Islam Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Religion Family	Sufi Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Religion	Mevlevi Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Religion	Bektasi Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided Expert	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[20,000 to 30,000] people	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Polity Territory	18,000 km²	1320 CE
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Polity Territory	52,000 km²	1340 CE
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Polity Territory	70,000 km²	1360 CE
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Polity Territory	260,000 km²	1380 CE
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Polity Territory	690,000 km²	1400 CE
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Polity Population	[200,000 to 400,000] people	1325 CE
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Polity Population	[700,000 to 1,400,000] people	1350 CE
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Polity Population	5,000,000 people	1400 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	1299 CE 1380 CE
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Settlement Hierarchy	4	1381 CE 1402 CE
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Religious Level	2	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Military Level	6	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Administrative Level	2	1299 CE 1328 CE
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Administrative Level	[3 to 4]	1329 CE 1359 CE
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Administrative Level	5	1360 CE 1402 CE
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Professions Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	1299 CE 1328 CE
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Professional Soldier	Present	1329 CE 1402 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	1299 CE 1328 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1329 CE 1402 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Law Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Judge	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	1299 CE 1325 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1325 CE 1402 CE
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Court	Present Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Irrigation System	Present Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Port	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Bridge	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Information / Writing System Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Script	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Uncoded Undecided	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Uncoded Undecided	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Philosophy	Present Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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History	Present Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Fiction	Present Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Calendar	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Information / Money Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Precious Metal	Present Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Article	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Information / Postal System Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Courier	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Information / Measurement System Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moat	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Ditch	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Military use of Metals Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Iron	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Copper	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Bronze	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Projectiles Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Sling	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Self Bow	Absent Inferred	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Javelin	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1290 CE 1387 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Present Uncertain	1388 CE 1413 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent Uncertain	1388 CE 1413 CE
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Crossbow	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Handheld weapons Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Sword	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Spear	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Polearm	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Dagger	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Animals used in warfare Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Donkey	Absent	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Dog	Absent	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Camel	Absent	1290 CE 1325 CE
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Camel	Present Uncertain	1326 CE 1402 CE
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Camel	Absent Uncertain	1326 CE 1402 CE
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Armor Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Shield	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Helmet	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Naval technology Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	1290 CE 1308 CE
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Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1308 CE 1413 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1299 CE 1402 CE
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Human Sacrifice Ottoman Emirate (tr_ottoman_emirate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More