Home Region: Northeast Africa (Africa)

Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I

1260 CE 1348 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 eg_mamluk_sultanate_1 / EgMamBh

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1171 CE 1250 CE Ayyubid Sultanate (eg_ayyubid_sultanate) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1348 CE 1412 CE Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2) [continuity]

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General Description

The Mamluk Sultanate has two possible start dates: 1250 CE, when the last Ayyubid ruler in Egypt was deposed, or ten years later, once a period of disorder that included an attack from the Mongols had ended. Baybars (sultan from 1260 to 1277 CE) killed the first two Mamluk sultans after victories on the battlefield and, as a statesman and organizer, was ’the real founder of the Mamluk state’. ^[1] The sultans of the Bahri Dynasty or ’Dawlat al-Atrak’ (Empire of the Turks) ^[2] - so-called because the rulers were of Turkish origin - oversaw a new climax of sociopolitical development, wealth and splendour in Egypt, which peaked under the reign of Sultan Nasiri ^[3] before plague arrived in Alexandria in 1347 CE. ^[1] We end our early Mamluk Sultanate period in 1348 CE, a year when crisis struck Egypt.
The traditional chronological division of the Mamluk Sultanate into Bahri (Turkish) and Burji (Circassian) periods is not followed here because, according to the historian André Raymond, these periods ’correspond to no fundamental changes in the organization of the Mamluk state’. ^[4] We have chosen to split the sultanate in 1348 and 1412 CE instead in recognition of the crisis period following the Bahri period of prosperity. After the ’great plague epidemic’ of 1348, Mamluk troops were defeated by the Turco-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane (Timur) at the end of the 14th century, and, in 1403, the sultanate faced another political crisis and the ’disastrous reign of Faraj’. ^[4] The final Burji period began in 1412 CE and, while known for ’a return to normality and periods of brilliance’, was marked by demographic decline. ^[4]
Population and political organization
Since the children of mamluks could by law never become mamluks, ^[5] the Mamluk Sultanate was in every generation ruled by a foreign ’slave-elite’ that had to be constantly replaced by new ’slave’ recruits imported, educated, promoted, and manumitted specifically for the role. Manumission was essential because under Islamic law no slave could be sovereign. The sultan performed a ritual manumission at his inaugural ceremony but the legal manumission would usually have occurred when he was about 18 years old, following the mamluk training. ^[1] In the Bahri period the Mamluks were of Turkish origin (like those recruited by the last Ayyubid sultan), but later sultans recruited mostly Circassians from the Caucasus. ^[6] Mamluk recruits were employed in the central government, the military and as governors in the provinces. While promotion to the highest echelons of the government and military was ’granted according to precise rules’, succession to the highest position - the Sultanate itself - was often a chaotic contest in which ’seniority, merit, cabal, intrigue, or violence’ all jostled for prominence. ^[7] Nevertheless, the deck was stacked such that from 1290 to 1382 CE, the sultanate was inherited by 17 different descendants of Sultan Qalawun. ^[8]
The Mamluk sultan ruled from Cairo and during his absence from the capital, Egypt was governed by his viceroy, the na’ib al-saltana. ^[9] The bureaucracy did not tightly control the countryside. Rather, influence was projected informally through ’iqta holdings (allotments of land along with the right to their tax revenue) - first used in Egypt during the preceding Ayyubid Dynasty period. These were assigned as a way to remunerate the slave soldiers of the centrally organized professional military, ^[10] as well as more formally through the na’ib, governor of a mamlaka administrative district. ^[11] The Mamluk elite controlled the appointment of ’judges, legal administrators, professors, Sufi shaykhs, prayer leaders, and other Muslim officials. They paid the salaries of religious personnel, endowed their schools, and thus brought the religious establishment into a state bureaucracy’. ^[12] In Cairo, Islamic law was kept by three traditional magistracies called qadi (pl. qudah), whose courts had a wide remit over civil law. A law-enforcement official called the chief of the sergeant of the watch oversaw wulah (sg. wali) policemen who kept watch at night and also fought fires. ^[13]
Revenue and Resources
The Bahri Dynasty was highly effective at drawing revenue. In the 14th century CE, the annual revenue was 9.5 million dinars, which was ’higher than at almost any other time since the Arab conquest’. ^[14] This paid for the Al-Barid postal system initiated by Baybars (1260‒1277 CE), which was extremely expensive to set up. Horses were used for first time on routes such as Cairo to Qus in Upper Egypt; and Cairo to Alexandria, Damietta and Syria. ^[15] The Syrian region of the Mamluk Sultanate was run by a chief governor, who had governors below him. ^[11] Imperial communications via Palestine were reportedly so efficient that ’Baybars boasted that he could play polo in Cairo and Damascus in the same week, while an even more rapid carrier-pigeon post was maintained between the two cities’. ^[16]
The Mamluk rulers continued the tradition of dedicating much effort and resources to what might be termed public works projects, for which they largely used corvée labour. ^[17] ^[1] In addition to a permanent medical staff, lecture halls and laboratories, a hospital established by Sultan Qalaun (1279‒1290 CE) included a library stocked with books on medicine, theology and law. ^[18] The Mamluks followed Ayyubid precedents when they embarked on an ’intense period of construction’ in the first century of their rule, with building projects initiated by governors, generals, generals, rich merchants and judges. ^[19] André Raymond has identified 54 mosques and madrasas built in the 1293‒1340 CE period alone. ^[20] The Mamluks also built many ’tombs for venerated Muslim ancestors and for deceased rulers’. ^[12]
Private wealth was extensive at this time and the Karimi merchant and banking families operated fleets and agencies from China to Africa. ^[21] Cairo’s population was probably under 200,000 in the mid-14th century (only Constantinople could claim a great population in Western Eurasia), ^[22] and the sultanate as a whole reached about 6-7 million people. ^[23] This would have fluctuated, however, as severe bouts of famine struck Egypt in 1284, 1295, 1296 and 1335 CE. ^[24]

[1]: (Hrbek 1977, 39-67) Ivan Hrbek. 1977. ’Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts’, in The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3: From c. 1050 to c. 1600, edited by Roland Oliver, 10-97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[2]: (Hrbek 1977, 41) Ivan Hrbek. 1977. ’Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts’, in The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3: From c. 1050 to c. 1600, edited by Roland Oliver, 10-97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[3]: (Raymond 2000, 137) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[4]: (Raymond 2000, 116-17) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[5]: (Oliver and Atmore 2001, 16) Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore. 2001. Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[6]: (Raymond 2000, 112) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[7]: (Raymond 2000, 113-14) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[8]: (Raymond 2000, 114) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[9]: (Raymond 2000, 152) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[10]: (Lapidus 2012, 250) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[11]: (Drory 2004, 169) Joseph Drory. 2004. ’Some Remarks Concerning Safed and the Organization of the Region in the Mamluk period’, in The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society, edited by Michael Winter and Amalia Levanoni, 163-90. Leiden: Brill.

[12]: (Lapidus 2012, 249) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[13]: (Raymond 2000, 153) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[14]: (Raymond 2000, 116) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[15]: (Silverstein 2007, 173) A. J. Silverstein. 2007. Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[16]: (Oliver and Atmore 2001, 17) Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore. 2001. Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[17]: (Dols 1977, 152) M. W. Dols. 1977. The Black Death In The Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

[18]: (Dols 1977, 177) M. W. Dols. 1977. The Black Death In The Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

[19]: (Lapidus 2012, 248) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[20]: (Raymond 2000, 120) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[21]: (Oliver and Atmore 2001, 19) Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore. 2001. Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[22]: (Raymond 2000, 136-37) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[23]: (McEvedy and Jones, 1978, 138-47, 227) Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. London: Allen Lane.

[24]: (Nicolle 2014, 11-12) David Nicolle. 2014. Mamluk ’Askari 1250-1517. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

7 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

2 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

19 Power Transition

Instability Events

18 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1) was in:
(1260 CE 1347 CE)	Upper Egypt

Home NGA: Upper Egypt

General Variables

Identity and Location Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 R	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Original Name	Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Capital	Cairo	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternative Name	Dawlat al Atrak	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternative Name	State of Turkey	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternative Name	Dawla al Turkiyya	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternative Name	Turkish Dynasty	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternative Name	Mamluk Sultanate	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternative Name	Bahri Dynasty	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternative Name	Empire of the Turks	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Temporal Bounds Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1341 CE
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Duration	[1260 CE ➜ 1348 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Islam	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	11,000,000 km²	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Preceding Entity 1171 CE 1250 CE	Ayyubid Sultanate (eg_ayyubid_sultanate) [continuity]
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Succeeding Entity 1348 CE 1412 CE	Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Language Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Afro-Asiatic	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Language	Arabic	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Religion Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Islam	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Religion Family	Sunni	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Religion	Hanafi	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Islam	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternate Religion Family	Sufi	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Alternate Religion	Shadhil	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[200,000 to 500,000] people	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Polity Territory	2,100,000 km²	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Polity Population	[5,000,000 to 6,000,000] people	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[6 to 7]	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Religious Level	3	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Military Level	9	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Administrative Level	7	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Professions Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Law Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Judge	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Court	Absent	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present Disputed	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent Disputed	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Port	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Canal	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Bridge	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Information / Writing System Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Script	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Philosophy	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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History	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Fiction	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Calendar	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Information / Money Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Precious Metal	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Article	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Information / Postal System Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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General Postal Service	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Courier	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Information / Measurement System Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Ditch	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Military use of Metals Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Iron	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Copper	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Bronze	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Projectiles Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Sling	Absent Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Javelin	Absent Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Unknown Suspected	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Crossbow	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Handheld weapons Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Sword	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Spear	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Dagger	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Animals used in warfare Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Camel	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Armor Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Shield	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Helmet	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Breastplate	Absent Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Naval technology Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1260 CE 1348 CE
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Human Sacrifice Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More