Ayyubid Sultanate

[1]: (Humphreys 1987) R. S. Humphreys. 1987. ’Ayyubids’, Encyclopӕdia Iranica III/2, pp. 164-67; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ayyubids (accessed 24 February 2017).

[2]: (Lev 2010, 218) Yaacov Lev. 2010. ’The Fatimid Caliphate (358‒567 / 969‒1171) and the Ayyūbids in Egypt (567‒648 / 1171‒1250)’, in The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries, edited by Maribel Fierro, 201-36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[3]: (Lapidus 2002, 290) Ira M. Lapidus. 2002. A History of Islamic Societies, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[4]: (Lev 2010, 210-11) Yaacov Lev. 2010. ’The Fatimid Caliphate (358‒567 / 969‒1171) and the Ayyūbids in Egypt (567‒648 / 1171‒1250)’, in The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries, edited by Maribel Fierro, 201-36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[5]: (Lev 2010, 210) Yaacov Lev. 2010. ’The Fatimid Caliphate (358‒567 / 969‒1171) and the Ayyūbids in Egypt (567‒648 / 1171‒1250)’, in The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries, edited by Maribel Fierro, 201-36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[6]: (Lyons and Jackson 1982, 201) Malcolm Cameron Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson. 1982. Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[7]: (Humphreys 1987) R. S. Humphreys. 1987. ’Ayyubids’, Encyclopӕdia Iranica III/2, pp. 164-67; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ayyubids (accessed 25 February 2017).

[8]: (Lev 2010, 226) Yaacov Lev. 2010. ’The Fatimid Caliphate (358‒567 / 969‒1171) and the Ayyūbids in Egypt (567‒648 / 1171‒1250)’, in The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries, edited by Maribel Fierro, 201-36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[9]: (Humphreys 1977, 125-26) R. Stephen Humphreys. 1977. From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193‒1260. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

[10]: (Lapidus 2002, 291) Ira M. Lapidus. 2002. A History of Islamic Societies, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[11]: (Werthmuller 2010, 48) Kurt J. Werthmuller. 2010. Coptic Identity and Ayyubid Politics in Egypt, 1218‒1250. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.

[12]: (Hamblin 2005, 753) William J. Hamblin. 2005. ’Egypt: Ayyubid Dynasty, 1169-1250’, in Encyclopedia of African History, volume 1: A-G, edited by Kevin Shillington, 752-54. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn.

[13]: (Keenan 1999, 287) James G. Keenan. 1999. ’Fayyum Agriculture at the End of the Ayyubid Era: Nabulsi’s Survey’. Proceedings of the British Academy 96: 287-99.

[14]: (Levanoni 1990, 124) Amalia Levanoni. 1990. ’The Mamluks’ Ascent to Power in Egypt’. Studia Islamica 72: 121-44.

[15]: (Levanoni 1990, 137) Amalia Levanoni. 1990. ’The Mamluks’ Ascent to Power in Egypt’. Studia Islamica 72: 121-44.

[16]: (Northrup 1998, 248) Linda S. Northrup. 1998. ’The Baḥrī Mamlūk Sultanate, 1250‒1390’, in The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1: Islamic Egypt, 640‒1517, edited by Carl F. Petry, 242-89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[17]: (Lapidus 2012, 246) I. M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[18]: (Lev 2010, 210, 213) Yaacov Lev. 2010. ’The Fatimid Caliphate (358‒567 / 969‒1171) and the Ayyūbids in Egypt (567‒648 / 1171‒1250)’, in The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries, edited by Maribel Fierro, 201-36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[19]: (Lapidus 2002, 291, 877) Ira M. Lapidus. 2002. A History of Islamic Societies, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[20]: (Dols 1977, 149) M. W. Dols. 1977. The Black Death in the Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.