Home Region: Northeast Africa (Africa)

Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II

1348 CE 1412 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 eg_mamluk_sultanate_2 / EgMamCP

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1260 CE 1348 CE Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1412 CE 1517 CE Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III (eg_mamluk_sultanate_3) [continuity]

Displayed:

Learn more about polity border choices. Map Modern Map only Opacity Year Play rate (y/s)
Hit enter after changing the year or setting the play rate.

General Description

Between 1348 and 1412 CE, a ’great crisis’ struck Mamluk Egypt and Syria under the Bahri Dynasty sultan, precipitating the rise of the Burji (Circassian) Dynasty from 1382 CE. Instead of the traditional chronological division of the Mamluk Sultanate into two dynasties, we have therefore included a crisis period encapsulating the end of the Bahri and beginning of the Burji periods. ^[1] Indeed, the crisis period persisted until the assassination of Sultan Faraj in Damascus in 1412 CE. In addition to the plague of 1348 CE, which for many Egyptians brought a period of spectacular prosperity to an end, other natural disasters in this period included an abnormally high Nile flood in 1354, famine in 1375, the return of the plague between 1379 and 1381, a low Nile flood and grain shortage in 1394 and again in 1403 CE, followed by yet another famine between 1403 and 1404 CE. In the midst of these environmental crises, and perhaps sparked by them, the region also experienced civil war in 1389 CE, ^[2] effectively ending the period of Turkish rule in Egypt.
Population and political organization
Since the children of mamluks could by law never become mamluks, ^[3] the Mamluk Sultanate was in every generation ruled by a foreign ’slave-elite’ that had to be constantly replaced by new ’slave’ recruits imported, educated, promoted, and manumitted specifically for the role. Manumission was essential because under Islamic law no slave could be sovereign. The sultan performed a ritual manumission at his inaugural ceremony but the legal manumission would usually have occurred when he was about 18 years old, following the mamluk training. ^[4] In the Bahri period the Mamluks were of Turkish origin (like those recruited by the last Ayyubid sultan), but later sultans recruited mostly Circassians from the Caucasus. ^[5] Mamluk recruits were employed in the central government, the military and as governors in the provinces. While promotion to the highest echelons of the government and military was ’granted according to precise rules’, succession to the highest position - the Sultanate itself - was often a chaotic contest in which ’seniority, merit, cabal, intrigue, or violence’ all jostled for prominence. ^[6] Nevertheless, the deck was stacked such that from 1290 to 1382 CE, the sultanate was inherited by 17 different descendants of Sultan Qalawun. ^[7]
The Mamluk sultan ruled from Cairo and during his absence from the capital, Egypt was governed by his viceroy, the na’ib al-saltana. ^[8] The bureaucracy did not tightly control the countryside. Rather, influence was projected informally through ’iqta holdings (allotments of land along with the right to their tax revenue) - first used in Egypt during the preceding Ayyubid Dynasty period. These were assigned as a way to remunerate the slave soldiers of the centrally organized professional military, ^[9] as well as more formally through the na’ib, governor of a mamlaka administrative district. ^[10] The Mamluk elite controlled the appointment of ’judges, legal administrators, professors, Sufi shaykhs, prayer leaders, and other Muslim officials. They paid the salaries of religious personnel, endowed their schools, and thus brought the religious establishment into a state bureaucracy’. ^[11] In Cairo, Islamic law was kept by three traditional magistracies called qadi (pl. qudah), whose courts had a wide remit over civil law. A law-enforcement official called the chief of the sergeant of the watch oversaw wulah (sg. wali) policemen who kept watch at night and also fought fires. ^[12]
Revenue and Public Services
The Bahri Dynasty was highly effective at drawing revenue. In the 14th century CE, the annual revenue was 9.5 million dinars, which was ’higher than at almost any other time since the Arab conquest’. ^[13] This paid for the Al-Barid postal system initiated by Baybars (1260‒1277 CE), which was extremely expensive to set up. Horses were used for first time on routes such as Cairo to Qus in Upper Egypt; and Cairo to Alexandria, Damietta and Syria. ^[14] The Syrian region of the Mamluk Sultanate was run by a chief governor, who had governors below him. ^[10] Imperial communications via Palestine were reportedly so efficient that ’Baybars boasted that he could play polo in Cairo and Damascus in the same week, while an even more rapid carrier-pigeon post was maintained between the two cities’. ^[15]
The Black Death reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably from the Crimea, in the autumn of 1347 CE before slowly spreading throughout northern Egypt in 1348 and peaking in the autumn and winter of that year. ^[16] As a result of the epidemic, the Egyptian population, previously between 4.2 and 8 million, ’may have declined by about one-quarter to one-third’ by the mid- to late 14th century. ^[17] The total population of the sultanate fell from perhaps 6-7 million to 4.8 million during this period. ^[18]
The troubled times did little to prevent the Mamluk ruling class from carrying out extravagant construction projects, for which they mostly used corvée labour. ^[4] Between 1341 and 1412 CE, 49 mosques were built in the southern zone of Cairo. ^[19] One of them was the ’gigantic’ Sultan Hasan Mosque (built 1356‒1361 CE), which cost an astonishing 20 million dirhams and has been called ’one of the most remarkable monuments of the Islamic world’. ^[20] Sultan Sha’ban Mosque, built in 1375 but destroyed in 1411, may have been comparable. ^[21] The Mamluk-period mosques added to a city already studded with public baths, ^[22] caravanserais, ^[22] libraries, ^[23] madrasas ^[4] and hospitals. ^[24]

[1]: (Raymond 2000, 116-17) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[2]: (Raymond 2000, 116-17, 138-46) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[3]: (Oliver and Atmore 2001, 16) Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore. 2001. Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[4]: (Hrbek 1977, 39-67) Ivan Hrbek. 1977. ’Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts’, in The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3: From c. 1050 to c. 1600, edited by Roland Oliver, 10-97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[5]: (Raymond 2000, 112) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[6]: (Raymond 2000, 113-14) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[7]: (Raymond 2000, 114) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[8]: (Raymond 2000, 152) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[9]: (Lapidus 2012, 250) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[10]: (Drory 2004, 169) Joseph Drory. 2004. ’Some Remarks Concerning Safed and the Organization of the Region in the Mamluk period’, in The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society, edited by Michael Winter and Amalia Levanoni, 163-90. Leiden: Brill.

[11]: (Lapidus 2012, 249) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[12]: (Raymond 2000, 153) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[13]: (Raymond 2000, 116) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[14]: (Silverstein 2007, 173) A. J. Silverstein. 2007. Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[15]: (Oliver and Atmore 2001, 17) Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore. 2001. Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[16]: (Dols 1977, 154-55) M. W. Dols. 1977. The Black Death In The Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

[17]: (Dols 1977, 218) M. W. Dols. 1977. The Black Death In The Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

[18]: (McEvedy and Jones 1978, 227) Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. London: Allen Lane.

[19]: (Raymond 2000, 145) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[20]: (Raymond 2000, 141) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[21]: (Raymond 2000, 144) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[22]: (Hrbek 1977, 65) Ivan Hrbek. 1977. ’Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts’, in The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3: From c. 1050 to c. 1600, edited by Roland Oliver, 10-97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[23]: (Lapidus 2012, 248) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[24]: (Raymond 2000, 52) André Raymond. 2000. Cairo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

13 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

2 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

11 Power Transition

Instability Events

17 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2) was in:
(1348 CE 1411 CE)	Upper Egypt

Home NGA: Upper Egypt

General Variables

Identity and Location Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 R	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Original Name	Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Capital	Cairo	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Turkish Dynasty	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Mamluk Sultanate	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Bahri Dynasty	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Empire of the Turks	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Dawlat al Atrak	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	State of Turkey	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Dawla al Turkiyya	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Circassian Mamluks	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Burji Mamluks	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Mamluk Sultanate	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Bahri Dynasty	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	State of Turkey	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Dawla al Turkiyya	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Temporal Bounds Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1348 CE
Loading...

Duration	[1348 CE ➜ 1412 CE]
Loading...

Political and Cultural Relations Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Supracultural Entity	Islam	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Succeeding Entity	Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Scale of Supracultural Interaction	11,000,000 km²	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Succeeding Entity 1412 CE 1517 CE	Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III (eg_mamluk_sultanate_3) [continuity]
Loading...

Preceding Entity 1260 CE 1348 CE	Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I (eg_mamluk_sultanate_1) [continuity]
Loading...

Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Language Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Afro-Asiatic	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Language	Arabic	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Religion Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Islam	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Religion Family	Sunni	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Religion	Hanafi	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternate Religion Genus	Islam	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternate Religion Family	Sufi	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Alternate Religion	Shadhil	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[150,000 to 350,000] people	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Polity Territory	2,100,000 km²	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Polity Population	3,500,000 people	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Hierarchical Complexity Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[6 to 7]	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Religious Level	[3 to 4]	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Military Level	9	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Administrative Level	7	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Professions Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Professional Priesthood	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Professional Military Officer	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Bureaucracy Characteristics Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Merit Promotion	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Examination System	Absent Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Law Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Judge	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Formal Legal Code	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Court	Absent	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Specialized Buildings: polity owned Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Irrigation System	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Drinking Water Supply System	Present Disputed	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Drinking Water Supply System	Absent Disputed	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Transport Infrastructure Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Port	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Canal	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Bridge	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Special-purpose Sites Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Information / Writing System Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Script	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Nonwritten Record	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Mnemonic Device	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Information / Kinds of Written Documents Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Sacred Text	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Religious Literature	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Practical Literature	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Philosophy	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

History	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Fiction	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Calendar	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Information / Money Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Precious Metal	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Paper Currency	Absent	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Indigenous Coin	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Foreign Coin	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Article	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Information / Postal System Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

General Postal Service	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Courier	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Information / Measurement System Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Modern Fortification	Absent	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moat	Unknown Suspected	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Fortified Camp	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Ditch	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Complex Fortification	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Military use of Metals Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Iron	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Copper	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Bronze	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Projectiles Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Sling Siege Engine	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Sling	Absent Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Javelin	Absent Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Handheld Firearm	Unknown Suspected	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Crossbow	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Composite Bow	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Atlatl	Absent	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Handheld weapons Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Sword	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Spear	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Dagger	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Battle Axe	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Animals used in warfare Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Elephant	Absent	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Donkey	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Dog	Unknown Suspected	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Camel	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Armor Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Shield	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Scaled Armor	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Plate Armor	Absent Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Limb Protection	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Leather Cloth	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Laminar Armor	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Helmet	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Chainmail	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Breastplate	Absent Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Naval technology Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1348 CE 1412 CE
Loading...

Human Sacrifice Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II (eg_mamluk_sultanate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More