Home Region: Northeast Africa (Africa)

Naqada II

3550 BCE 3300 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 eg_naqada_2 / EgNaqa2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

3800 BCE 3550 BCE Naqada I (eg_naqada_1) [None]

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

General Description

The Naqada is a Predynastic archaeological culture located in Upper Egypt, the strip of land flanking the Nile river south of the Faiyum region and north of the First Cataract. Named after the site where British archaeologist Flinders Petrie uncovered a necropolis of over 3000 graves in the late 19th century, ^[1] the Naqada culture is dated from around 3800 to 3100 BCE. ^[2] The Naqada has been subdivided into three periods ‒ the Amratian, Gerzean, and Semainean ‒ as well as, more recently, into Naqada IA-C, IIA-D, and IIIA-D. ^[3] ^[4] Seshat’s ’Naqada 1’ (3800-3550 BCE) corresponds to the Naqada IA-IIB phases; Naqada 2 (3550-3300 BCE) to IIC-IID; and Naqada 3 (3300-3100 BCE) to IIIA-IIIB. We end Naqada 3 with the IIIB-C transition, because the First Dynasty of the Egyptian state is considered to begin with the accession of King Aha in Naqada IIIC. ^[4] Naqada III is also sometimes referred to as the Protodynastic period or ’Dynasty 0’.
Early Naqada archaeological material is clustered around the key sites of Naqada itself, Abydos, and Hierakonpolis (ancient Nekhen) in the fertile land nestled around the ’Qena bend’ of the Nile. ^[5] However, from the late Naqada II onwards, there is an archaeologically visible expansion of the culture both southwards along the Nile and northwards into Lower Egypt (the Delta), eventually reaching as far north as the Levant in Naqada IIIA-B. ^[6]
Population and Political Organization
The 4th millennium BCE was a crucial period for Egyptian state formation. Prior to roughly 3800 BCE, Upper Egypt was inhabited by seasonally mobile farmers and herders, constituting an archaeological culture known as the Badarian. ^[7] However, the Naqada periods brought a series of key social transformations to the region, including increasing inequality, a greater commitment to sedentary settlement and cereal farming, the emergence of full-time craft specialists, and, towards the end of the millennium, the invention of writing. ^[8] ^[9] ^[10] The growth of hierarchical social structures and the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt laid the foundations for the divine kings and complex bureaucracy of the Old Kingdom and beyond.
During Naqada I, new forms of political organization appeared ‒ relatively swiftly compared to other prehistoric cultures ‒ in the upper Nile Valley. ^[11] According to the Egyptologist Branislav Anđelković, previously autonomous agricultural villages began to band together to form ’chiefdoms’ or ’proto-nomes’ between Naqada IA and IB (a ’nome’ was an administrative division in the later Egyptian state). ^[12] In Naqada IC, even larger political entities ‒ ’nome pre-states’ ‒ started to form, centred on Naqada, Abydos and Hierakonpolis. It has been suggested that a ’primitive chiefdom’ centred around a ’royal’ authority based at Hierakonpolis, had formed by around 3700 BCE. ^[13] Not all researchers agree with this terminology, believing that it creates the impression of an inexorable march towards state formation, and some prefer to stress the fragile and experimental nature of early complex social formations in Upper Egypt. ^[14] However, the term chiefdom remains in common usage as a label for the new ranked societies of the early 4th millennium. ^[15] ^[16] ^[17] In the Naqada II period, ’proto-states’ formed, and by the Naqada III we can speak of kings and a centralized government ruling over a unified Upper and Lower Egypt. ^[18]
We lack firm figures for the population of Egypt during the Naqada. At the beginning of the period, most inhabitants of Upper Egypt were living in small villages. ^[12] However, as the 4th millennium progressed, archaeologists can discern a process of urbanization and aggregation into larger political units. The largest known settlement, Hierakonpolis, grew into a regional centre of power in the 3800‒3500 BCE period ^[19] and may have reached a population of between 5,000 and 10,000 people in the late Naqada I. ^[20] Other researchers consider this figure ’inflated’ ^[21] and point to recent evidence from the Abydos region for low population numbers throughout the Predynastic period. ^[22]

[1]: (Midant-Reynes 2000, 41) Béatrix Midant-Reynes. 2000. ’The Naqada Period (c. 4000-3200 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 41-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[2]: (Dee et al. 2013, 5) Michael Dee, David Wengrow, Andrew Shortland, Alice Stevenson, Fiona Brock, Linus Girdland Flink and Christopher Bronk Ramsey. 2013. ’An Absolute Chronology for Early Egypt Using Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Statistical Modelling’. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 469 (2159). DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0395.

[3]: (Stevenson 2016, 424) Alice Stevenson. 2016. ’The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation’. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421-68.

[4]: (Dee et al. 2013, 2) Michael Dee, David Wengrow, Andrew Shortland, Alice Stevenson, Fiona Brock, Linus Girdland Flink and Christopher Bronk Ramsey. 2013. ’An Absolute Chronology for Early Egypt Using Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Statistical Modelling’. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 469 (2159). DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0395.

[5]: (Bard 1994, 267) Kathryn A. Bard. 1994. ’The Egyptian Predynastic: A Review of the Evidence’. Journal of Field Archaeology 21 (3): 265-88.

[6]: (Stevenson 2016, 442-43) Alice Stevenson. 2016. ’The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation’. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421-68.

[7]: (Stevenson 2016, 422, 428-29) Alice Stevenson. 2016. ’The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation’. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421-68.

[8]: (Stevenson 2016, 431-32, 434) Alice Stevenson. 2016. ’The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation’. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421-68.

[9]: (Hendrickx 2011, 93) Stan Hendrickx. 2011. ’Crafts and Craft Specialization’, in Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization, edited by Emily Teeter, 93-98. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

[10]: (Wengrow 2011, 99) David Wengrow. 2011. ’The Invention of Writing in Egypt’, in Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization, edited by Emily Teeter, 99-103. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

[11]: (Stevenson 2016, 431-32) Alice Stevenson. 2016. ’The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation’. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421-68.

[12]: (Anđelković 2011, 28) Branislav Anđelković. 2011. ’Political Organization of Egypt in the Predynastic Period’, in Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization, edited by Emily Teeter, 25-32. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

[13]: (García 2013, 187-88) Juan Carlos Moreno García. 2013. ’Building the Pharaonic State: Territory, Elite, and Power in Ancient Egypt during the Third Millennium BCE’, in Experiencing Power, Generating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, edited by Jane A. Hill, Philip Jones, and Antonio J. Morales, 185-217. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

[14]: (Stevenson 2016, 422, 427) Alice Stevenson. 2016. ’The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation’. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421-68.

[15]: (Stevenson 2016, 422) Alice Stevenson. 2016. ’The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation’. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421-68.

[16]: (Bard 2017, 2) Kathryn A. Bard. 2017. ’Political Economies of Predynastic Egypt and the Formation of the Early State’. Journal of Archaeological Research 25: 1-36.

[17]: (Koehler 2010, 32) E. Christiana Koehler. 2010. ’Prehistory’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 25-47. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[18]: (Anđelković 2011, 29-30) Branislav Anđelković. 2011. ’Political Organization of Egypt in the Predynastic Period’, in Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization, edited by Emily Teeter, 25-32. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

[19]: (Friedman 2011, 34) Renée Friedman. 2011. ’Hierakonpolis’, in Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization, edited by Emily Teeter, 33-44. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

[20]: (Hoffman, Hamroush and Allen 1986, 181) Michael Allen Hoffman, Hany A. Hamroush and Ralph O. Allen. 1986. ’A Model of Urban Development for the Hierakonpolis Region from Predynastic through Old Kingdom Times’. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 23: 175-87.

[21]: (Stevenson 2016, 436) Alice Stevenson. 2016. ’The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation’. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421-68.

[22]: (Patch 2004, 914) Diana Craig Patch. 2004. ’Settlement Patterns and Cultural Change in the Predynastic Period’, in Egypt at Its Origins: Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams, edited by S. Hendrickx, R. F. Friedman, K. M. Ciałowicz and M. Chłodnicki, 905-18. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

3 Capital

6 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

2 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

2 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

3 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

1 Trading Emporia

1 Other Special Purpose Site

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

2 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

2 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Naqada II (eg_naqada_2) was in:
(3550 BCE 3301 BCE)	Upper Egypt

Home NGA: Upper Egypt

General Variables

Identity and Location Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 R	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Original Name	Naqada II	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Capital	Naqada	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Capital	This	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Capital	Hierakonpolis	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Alternative Name	Naqada II	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Alternative Name	Naqada II	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Alternative Name	Naqada IIC-D	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Alternative Name	Naqada IIC	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Alternative Name	Naqada IID	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Alternative Name	Gerzean period	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[3550 BCE ➜ 3300 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	uncoded Undecided	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Egypt - Dynasty 0	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Preceding Entity 3800 BCE 3550 BCE	Naqada I (eg_naqada_1) [None]
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Degree of Centralization	unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Language Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Language	unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Religion Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[5,000 to 15,000] people	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Polity Territory	[5,000 to 20,000] km²	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Polity Population	13,000 people	3,500 BCE
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Polity Population	50,000 people	3400 BCE 3300 BCE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[2 to 3]	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Religious Level	- Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Military Level	2	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Administrative Level	[2 to 3]	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Professions Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Uncertain	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Specialized Government Building	Absent Uncertain	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	3550 BCE 3401 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Disputed	3400 BCE 3300 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Disputed	3400 BCE 3300 BCE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Law Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Judge	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Court	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Port	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Bridge	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Trading Emporia	Uncoded Undecided	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Other Special Purpose Site	Uncoded Undecided	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Information / Writing System Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Script	Present Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Sacred Text	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Religious Literature	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Practical Literature	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Philosophy	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present Uncertain	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent Uncertain	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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History	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Fiction	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Calendar	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Information / Money Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Precious Metal	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Article	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Information / Postal System Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Courier	Present Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moat	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Ditch	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Military use of Metals Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Iron	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Copper	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Bronze	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Projectiles Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Javelin	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Handheld weapons Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Sword	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Spear	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Polearm	Absent Inferred	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Dagger	Absent	3500 BCE 3401 BCE
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Dagger	Present	3400 BCE 3301 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Camel	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Armor Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Shield	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Limb Protection	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Helmet	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Breastplate	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Naval technology Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Unknown	3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Naqada II (eg_naqada_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More