Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Ottoman Empire II

1517 CE 1683 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 tr_ottoman_emp_2 / TrOttm3

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1402 CE 1517 CE Ottoman Empire I (tr_ottoman_emp_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1683 CE 1839 CE Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3) [continuity]

1637 CE 1805 CE Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty (ye_qasimid_dyn) [continuity]

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General Description

In the 15th century CE, the Turkic Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II conquered Constantinople, took from the last vestiges of the defeated Roman Empire the famous title ’caesar’, and added to it the grandiose title ’ruler of the two continents and the two seas’. ^[1] However, it was Suleiman I (1520-1566 CE) who earned his sobriquets ’the Magnificent’ and ’the Lawgiver’ when he reformed the Ottoman system of government, codified Ottoman secular law, and extended the Ottoman Empire into Europe as far as Vienna.
Population and political organization
The Ottoman Empire was a hereditary dynasty under the rule of an Ottoman Sultan. ^[2] The Ottoman ’slave-elite’ differed from that of the Mamluk Sultanate in that the Ottoman slaves could never achieve the position of sultan, which remained the hereditary property of the Osman dynasty. With its capital in Istanbul, the main organ of state power was the ’elaborate court, palace, and household government’. ^[3] Policy-making was weakly institutionalized: in theory, all decisions were made by the sultan himself, and so Ottoman policies were shaped by the sultan’s personal character and by the ’individuals or factions who had his ear’. ^[4] The sultans appointed their own staff and paid them with a wage or (increasingly after 1600 CE) a fief. ^[5] State funding came in large part from money raised by fief holders until Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha Kulliyesi (in office from 1718 CE) introduced a property tax. ^[6]
The administrative and military officials around the sultan were slaves educated in palace schools. ^[7] The source of this non-Turkish administrative class was the devsirme tribute, which began in 1438 CE; by the 16th century about 1,000 boys were taken per year per recruiting province in the Balkans and non-Muslim communities in Anatolia. The system divided these slaves into those who would serve the bureaucracy and those who would form the elite military corps known as janissaries. In 1582 CE, recruits of non-devsirme origin, including free Muslims, were permitted to join the janissaries and after 1648 CE the devsirme system was no longer used to recruit for the janissaries. ^[8] The imperial household together with its armies and administrative officials was truly vast, numbering about 100,000 people by the 17th century. ^[3] The renowned Ottoman architect Sinan was a tribute slave; he notably designed the Sehzade and Süleyman külliyes (complexes of buildings including mosques and mausoleums) and the Selim Mosque at Edirne (1569-1575 CE), with its four 83-metre-high minarets. ^[9] ^[10]
Ottoman sultans issued decrees through an imperial council (divan) ^[4] and the chief executive power below the sultan, the grand vizier. ^[11] Although certain regions (Egypt, for example) may have differed slightly in their governing structure, Ottoman regional government typically involved governors (beylerbeyi) ^[12] whose provinces were split into districts (sanjaks) under district governors (sanjak beyi). ^[13] The sanjak beyi also was a military commander. ^[14] Fief-holding soldiers were responsible for local law and order within their districts. ^[15] By the late 16th century, the lowest level of this system had transformed into a system of tax farms or fiefs given to non-military administrators. ^[16] In 1695 CE, these tax farms were ’sold as life tenures (malikane)’, and later shares in tax farms were sold to the public. ^[17]
Ottoman law was divided into religious - Islamic sharia - and secular kanun law. ^[18] Kanun law essentially served to fill the gaps left by the religious legal tradition, regulating ’areas where the provisions of the sacred law were either missing or too much at at odds with reality to be applicable’. ^[18] In the Ottoman Empire, this included aspects of criminal law, land tenure and taxation; kanun law drew its legitimacy from precedent and custom. ^[18] Military judges (kadi’asker) were the heads of the empire’s judiciary and heard cases brought before the imperial council. ^[19]
Ottoman Anatolia further enhanced many aspects of Byzantine culture. In 1331, in an attempt to spread Islam to new territories, Iranian and Egyptian scholars were brought to Iznik in northwestern Anatolia to teach at the first Ottoman college. ^[20] Palace schools were created to train the next generation of Ottoman officials. During the 15th and 16th centuries CE, about 500 libraries were built by sultans and high Ottoman dignitaries. These were maintained by waqf religious foundations; the majority in Istanbul, Bursa and Erdine. Initially, these were madrassa libraries and specialist libraries, but the first independent Ottoman waqf libraries were founded by the Koprulu family in 1678 CE. ^[21]
The Ottoman postal system (ulak) structured around postal stations (similar to the Mongol yam) ^[22] spanned an empire of 5.2 million square kilometres at its greatest extent, ^[23] with a population of approximately 28 million people in 1600 CE. ^[24] Istanbul likely had a population of at least 650,000 in 1600 CE. ^[25]

[1]: (Inalcik and Quataert 1997, 18) Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert. 1997. ’General Introduction’, in An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume One: 1300-1600, edited by Halil Inalcik with Donald Quataert, 1-8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[2]: (Imber 2002, 87) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[3]: (Lapidus 2012, 437) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[4]: (Imber 2002, 154) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[5]: (Imber 2002, 171) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[6]: (Palmer 1992, 33-34) Alan Palmer. 1992. The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. London: John Murray.

[7]: (Nicolle 1983, 10) David Nicolle. 1983. Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

[8]: (Nicolle 1983, 9-11, 20) David Nicolle. 1983. Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

[9]: (TheOttomans.org 2002) TheOttomans.org. 2002. ’Architecture’. http://www.theottomans.org/english/art_culture/architec.asp, accessed 3 April 2017.

[10]: (Freely 2011, 15, 29, 215, 269) John Freely. 2011. A History of Ottoman Architecture. Southampton: WIT Press.

[11]: (Imber 2002, 156) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[12]: (Imber 2002, 177-78) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[13]: (Imber 2002, 184) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[14]: (Imber 2002, 189) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[15]: (Imber 2002, 194) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[16]: (Imber 2002, 209, 215) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[17]: (Lapidus 2012, 473) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[18]: (Imber 2002, 244) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[19]: (Imber 2002, 157) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[20]: (Lapidus 2012, 440) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[21]: (Agoston and Masters 2009, 333-34) Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts On File.

[22]: (Królikowska 2013, 59) Natalia Królikowska. 2013. ’Sovereignty and Subordination in Crimean-Ottoman Relations (Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries)’, in The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, edited by Gábor Kármán and Lovro Kunčević, 43-66. Leiden: Brill.

[23]: (Turchin, Adams and Hall 2006) Peter Turchin, Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall. 2006. ’East-West Orientation of Historical Empires’. Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2): 219-29.

[24]: (McEvedy and Jones 1978, 137) Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. London: Allen Lane.

[25]: (Bairoch 1988, 378) Paul Bairoch. 1988. Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

3 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

2 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

11 Power Transition

Instability Events

28 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2) was in:
(1517 CE 1534 CE)	Upper Egypt / Konya Plain
(1534 CE 1538 CE)	Upper Egypt / Southern Mesopotamia / Konya Plain
(1538 CE 1636 CE)	Upper Egypt / Southern Mesopotamia / Konya Plain / Yemeni Coastal Plain
(1636 CE 1682 CE)	Upper Egypt / Southern Mesopotamia / Konya Plain

Home NGA: Konya Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	35 T	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Original Name	Ottoman Empire II	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Capital	Istanbul	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Alternative Name	Ottoman Dynasty	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Alternative Name	Osmanli Dynasty	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Alternative Name	Othman Dynasty	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Temporal Bounds Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[1520 CE ➜ 1566 CE]
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Duration	[1517 CE ➜ 1683 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Turkish	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Ottoman Empire III	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[4,500,000 to 5,000,000] km²	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Succeeding Entity 1683 CE 1839 CE	Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3) [continuity]
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Succeeding Entity 1637 CE 1805 CE	Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty (ye_qasimid_dyn) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 1402 CE 1517 CE	Ottoman Empire I (tr_ottoman_emp_1) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Language Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Turkic	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Language	Turkish	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Religion Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Islam	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Religion Family	Sunni	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Religion	Hanafi	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Islam	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Alternate Religion Family	Sufi	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[650,000 to 700,000] people	1600 CE
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Polity Territory	4,836,000 km²	1600 CE
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Polity Population	28,000,000 people	1600 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	6	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Religious Level	4	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Military Level	9	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Administrative Level	[9 to 10]	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Professions Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Examination System	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Law Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Judge	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Court	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Port	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Canal	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Bridge	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Information / Writing System Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Script	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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History	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Fiction	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Calendar	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Information / Money Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Precious Metal	Present Inferred	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present Inferred	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Article	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Information / Postal System Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Courier	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Information / Measurement System Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Modern Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Ditch	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Military use of Metals Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Iron	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Copper	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Bronze	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Projectiles Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Sling	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Javelin	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Crossbow	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Handheld weapons Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Sword	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Spear	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Polearm	Present Inferred	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Dagger	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Animals used in warfare Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Dog	Absent	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Camel	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Armor Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Shield	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Helmet	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Naval technology Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1517 CE 1683 CE
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Human Sacrifice Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More