Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Ottoman Empire III

1683 CE 1839 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 tr_ottoman_emp_3 / TrOttm4

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1517 CE 1683 CE Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2) [continuity]

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General Description

The Ottoman Empire during the period between 1683 and 1839 CE was at its most powerful, but was frequently beset by revolts that threatened to break it apart, particularly in Egypt. However, the dynasts in Istanbul successfully retained power behind a protective veil of elite slaves, acquired by tribute from conquered provinces and raised and educated to run the government and military. The Ottoman ’slave-elite’ differed from that of the Mamluk Sultanate in that the Ottoman slaves could never achieve the position of sultan, which remained the hereditary property of the Osman dynasty. Although this failed to prevent palace intrigues or succession crises, the sultans of this period made progress toward greater unification of the empire’s dense patchwork of languages and ethnicities. Trading on their successful military conquests, the Ottoman sultans claimed the title of ’caliph of all the Muslims in the world’. ^[1]
Population and political organization
The Ottoman Empire was a hereditary dynasty under the rule of an Ottoman Sultan. ^[2] The Ottoman ’slave-elite’ differed from that of the Mamluk Sultanate in that the Ottoman slaves could never achieve the position of sultan, which remained the hereditary property of the Osman dynasty. With its capital in Istanbul, the main organ of state power was the ’elaborate court, palace, and household government’. ^[3] Policy-making was weakly institutionalized: in theory, all decisions were made by the sultan himself, and so Ottoman policies were shaped by the sultan’s personal character and by the ’individuals or factions who had his ear’. ^[4] The sultans appointed their own staff and paid them with a wage or (increasingly after 1600 CE) a fief. ^[5] State funding came in large part from money raised by fief holders until Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha Kulliyesi introduced a property tax around 1718 CE. ^[6]
The administrative and military officials around the sultan were slaves educated in palace schools. ^[7] The source of this non-Turkish administrative class was the devsirme tribute, which began in 1438 CE; by the 16th century about 1,000 boys were taken per year per recruiting province in the Balkans and non-Muslim communities in Anatolia. The system divided these slaves into those who would serve the bureaucracy and those who would form the elite military corps known as janissaries. In 1582 CE, recruits of non-devsirme origin, including free Muslims, were permitted to join the janissaries and after 1648 CE the devsirme system was no longer used to recruit for the janissaries. ^[8] The imperial household together with its armies and administrative officials was truly vast, numbering about 100,000 people by the 17th century. ^[3]
Ottoman sultans issued decrees to their approximately 24 million subjects through an imperial council (divan) ^[4] and the chief executive power below the sultan, the grand vizier. ^[9] Although certain regions (Egypt, for example) may have differed slightly in their governing structure, Ottoman regional government typically involved governors (beylerbeyi) ^[10] whose provinces were split into districts (sanjaks) under district governors (sanjak beyi). ^[11] The sanjak beyi also was a military commander. ^[12] Fief-holding soldiers were responsible for local law and order within their districts. ^[13] By the late 16th century, the lowest level of this system had transformed into a system of tax farms or fiefs given to non-military administrators. ^[14] In 1695 CE, these tax farms were ’sold as life tenures (malikane)’, and later shares in tax farms were sold to the public. ^[15]
Ottoman law was divided into religious - Islamic sharia - and secular kanun law. ^[16] Kanun law essentially served to fill the gaps left by the religious legal tradition, regulating ’areas where the provisions of the sacred law were either missing or too much at at odds with reality to be applicable’. ^[16] In the Ottoman Empire, this included aspects of criminal law, land tenure and taxation; kanun law drew its legitimacy from precedent and custom. ^[16] Military judges (kadi’asker) were the heads of the empire’s judiciary and heard cases brought before the imperial council. ^[17]

[1]: (Inalcik and Quataert 1997, 20) Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert. 1997. ’General Introduction’, in An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume One: 1300-1600, edited by Halil Inalcik with Donald Quataert, 1-8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[2]: (Imber 2002, 87) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[3]: (Lapidus 2012, 437) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[4]: (Imber 2002, 154) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[5]: (Imber 2002, 171) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[6]: (Palmer 1992) Alan Palmer. 1992. The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. London: John Murray.

[7]: (Nicolle 1983, 10) David Nicolle. 1983. Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

[8]: (Nicolle 1983, 9-11, 20) David Nicolle. 1983. Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

[9]: (Imber 2002, 156) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[10]: (Imber 2002, 177-78) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[11]: (Imber 2002, 184) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[12]: (Imber 2002, 189) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[13]: (Imber 2002, 194) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[14]: (Imber 2002, 209, 215) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[15]: (Lapidus 2012, 473) Ira M. Lapidus. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[16]: (Imber 2002, 244) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[17]: (Imber 2002, 157) Colin Imber. 2002. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

2 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

12 Power Transition

Instability Events

35 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3) was in:
(1683 CE 1798 CE)	Crete / Upper Egypt / Southern Mesopotamia / Konya Plain
(1798 CE 1838 CE)	Crete / Southern Mesopotamia / Konya Plain

Home NGA: Konya Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	35 T	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Original Name	Ottoman Empire III	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Capital	Istanbul	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Alternative Name	Ottoman Dynasty	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Alternative Name	Osmanli Dynasty	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Alternative Name	Othman Dynasty	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Temporal Bounds Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1683 CE
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Duration	[1683 CE ➜ 1839 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Supracultural Entity	Turkish	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Ottoman Empire IV	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Preceding Entity 1517 CE 1683 CE	Ottoman Empire II (tr_ottoman_emp_2) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Language Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Turkic	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Language	Turkish	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Religion Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Islam	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Religion Family	Sunni	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Religion	Hanafi	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Islam	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Alternate Religion Family	Sufi	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	700,000 people	1700 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	570,000 people	1800 CE
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Polity Territory	4,920,000 km²	1700 CE
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Polity Territory	[4,640,000 to 4,780,000] km²	1718 CE
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Polity Population	24,000,000 people	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	6	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Religious Level	4	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Military Level	9	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Administrative Level	[9 to 10]	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Professions Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Examination System	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Law Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Judge	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Court	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Port	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Canal	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Bridge	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Information / Writing System Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Script	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Sacred Text	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Religious Literature	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Philosophy	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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History	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Fiction	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Information / Money Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Article	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Information / Postal System Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Courier	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Information / Measurement System Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Modern Fortification	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Ditch	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Military use of Metals Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Iron	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Copper	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Bronze	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Projectiles Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Sling	Absent Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Self Bow	Absent	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Javelin	Absent Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Crossbow	Absent Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Handheld weapons Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Sword	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Spear	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Polearm	Unknown	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Dagger	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Battle Axe	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Animals used in warfare Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Camel	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Armor Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Shield	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Helmet	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Naval technology Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1683 CE 1839 CE
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Human Sacrifice Ottoman Empire III (tr_ottoman_emp_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More