Home Region: Southern Europe (Europe)

Papal States - Early Modern Period I

1527 CE 1648 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 it_papal_state_3 / ItPapM1

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1378 CE 1527 CE Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1648 CE 1809 CE Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4) [continuity]

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General Description

The polity period begins with the imperial sack of Rome (1527). This devastating sack at the hands of largely Protestant mercenaries-theoretically in the service of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V-marks an absolute nadir of papal fortunes for the early modern period. The sack provoked the papacy to reform itself, take the Protestant revolt seriously, and initiate the Counter-Reformation (aka the Catholic Reformation). ^[1] The age of the Council of Trent (1543-1563) dramatically altered the Catholic Church, enhancing the papacy’s power within the Church and enhancing its ability to police the laity, with institutions such as the Roman Inquisition being established in 1542 by Paul III. ^[2] The index of banned books was established, tighter clerical control over canonization imposed, and in general the Catholic Church ratcheted down on orthodoxy in the face of the Protestant threat. ^[3]
The sack of Rome was compounded by malaria epidemics and food shortages, to drastically reduce the population of Rome to perhaps 10,000 in 1527-28. ^[4] Despite this, the city soon recovered and boomed in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as the capital of a more or less stable Papal State, under Spanish protection. By the turn of the century, Rome’s population may have been around 100,000. ^[5] Marino has characterized the early modern city’s economy as parasitic, consuming and not producing wealth ^[6] ; Goldthwaite, similarly, describes late medieval and early modern Rome thus: "Rome, however, was a city that consumed but did not produce; in contrast to Avignon, it was not a regional export market of any importance." ^[5] A major part of this consumption was cultural: "Rome...exploded [in the sixteenth century] into an enormous market for luxury goods...." ^[5] Despite the sack, the most important papal building project of the early modern period, St. Peter’s Basilica, was completed in 1626. Spanish financial and military support was crucial to the survival of the Papal State; a famous letter of Charles V, written to his son Philip II between 1545 and 1558, declared that "’the states of the church are in the center of Italy, but [they are] surrounded by ours in such a way that one can say that they form one kingdom.’" ^[7] De facto Spanish hegemony over the Papal State would not be seriously challenged between the mid-16th century and the pontificate of Urban VIII (1623-44). ^[7]
By the sixteenth century, the papacy was firmly in control of the Papal State, and the polity was at peace after the end of the Great Italian Wars (1559). The Spanish alliance remained a cornerstone of papal policy into the early 18th century. ^[8] The papacy ruled Rome and the State through a sophisticated bureaucracy based on patronage, cronyism, and the purchase of offices. ^[9] ^[10] The feudal barons and nobles were subject to clerical officials appointed by the Papacy. ^[11] Although this bureaucracy was usually able to meet the basic requirements of government-collecting taxes, administering justice, and protecting subjects-this does not mean that the Papal State was free of violence, famine, and so forth. Banditry remained a major problem during the period and would straight through to the late nineteenth century. ^[12] ^[13]
After the end of the Wars, military action involving the papacy shifted to the Mediterranean. The Ottomans had begun raiding papal possessions on the Adriatic littoral from the mid-15th century, following the fall of Constantinople. These raids were not preludes to conquest, but were a serious disruption to trade and daily life in le Marche; in 1518, Selim I’s forces had torched Porto Recanati, the port for Loreto, site of a major shrine to the Virgin. This imminent threat, compounded with the papacy’s traditional role as organizer and propagandist of the crusade, resulted in deep papal involvement in the struggle against the Ottomans. Initially, these efforts were not successful. The major Turkish victory at Prevesa (1538) opened the Central Mediterranean to Turkish raiding and piracy; the Ottomans’ alliance with the French even allowed the Turkish fleet to winter in Toulon. ^[14] This ability of the Turks to winter in the western Mediterranean exposed the coast of Lazio to Turkish piracy; for example, Andrea Doria, leading a mixed papal-Genoese fleet, was defeated by Turks and North Africans off Terracina in 1552. ^[15]
Confronted with this Turkish menace, the papacy was crucial in organizing Christian campaigns against the Turks in North Africa and Greece, and in funding coastal defences for Lazio and the Kingdoms of Sicily & Naples. Pius V (1566-1572) was of particular importance in this effort, laying the groundwork for a papal fleet. ^[16] Pius granted major sources of ecclesiastical revenue to the Spanish Philip II, and was instrumental in organizing the councils and diplomatic wrangling that led to the creation of the Holy League in 1570, in particular convincing the Spanish to come to the aid of the Ventians. ^[17] The Holy League consisted of the Papacy, Spain, and Venice; by the final agreement, each party agreed to contributions for 3 years, for an annual expedition consisting of 200 galleys, 100 roundships, 50,000 infantry and 4,500 light infantry. ^[18] The Christian fleet met and decisively defeated a comparable Turkish squadron at Lepanto, off the Greek Ionian littoral, on 7 October 1571. It was the greatest battle in the Mediterranean in the 16th century, and it marked a substantive end to Turkish raiding on the papal lands and, more importantly, led to the division of the Mediterranean into a Turkish east and a Christian west. The papacy’s international prestige rose to new heights with the victory, as well, but declined during the seventeenth century due to the grasping annexation of the duchy of Urbino and Urban VIII’s foolish war of Castro in the early 1640s. ^[19]
Italy enjoyed several decades of peace following the peace of Cateau-Cambresis of 1559 between France and Spain. Yet economically and demographically, the 1590s and the first half of the seventeenth century were a period of general crisis in Italy. The "decline of Italy" is a venerable aspect of early modern historiography, but depends on a particular view of what counts in assessing quality of life: see Black, (2001, 32), for an approving echo of Braudel’s comments to the contrary ^[20] Papal revenues were aided by the popes’ ability to draw on Spanish ecclesiastical revenues. ^[21] Demographically, the first half of the seventeenth century was a succession of plagues and famines in many parts of the peninsula. ^[22] A particularly virulent plague cycle hit Rome in 1656, ^[23] dropping its population from 120,000 to 100,000. ^[22]

[1]: (Martin 2002, 39-42) John M Marino, ed. 2002. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[2]: (Martin 2002, 42) John M Marino, ed. 2002. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[3]: (Schutte 2002, 126-127) John M Marino, ed. 2002. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[4]: (Black 2001, 9) Christopher F Black. 2001. Early modern Italy. A social history. London: Routledge.

[5]: (Goldthwaite 2009, 173) Richard A Goldthwaite. 2009. The economy of renaissance Florence. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 2009.

[6]: (Marino 2002, 66) John M Marino, ed. 2002. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[7]: (Dandelet 2003, 221) Thomas Dandelet. 2003. "The Spanish Foundations of Late Renaissance and Baroque Rome." In Beyond Florence. The Contours of Medieval and Early Modern Italy.Paula Findlen, Michelle M. Fontaine, and Duane J. Osheim eds. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP. pp. 219-232

[8]: (Dandelet 2002, 29) John M Marino, ed. 2002. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[9]: (Dandelet 2002, 20) John M Marino, ed. 2002. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[10]: (Braudel 1973, 696-698) Fernand Braudel. 1973. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Trans. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper Colophon Books.

[11]: (Symcox 2002, 114) John M Marino, ed. 2002. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[12]: (Symcox 2002, 110) John M Marino, ed. 2002. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[13]: (Braudel 1973, 745-746) Fernand Braudel. 1973. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Trans. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper Colophon Books.

[14]: (Braudel 1973, 906) Fernand Braudel. 1973. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Trans. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper Colophon Books.

[15]: (Braudel 1973, 924) Fernand Braudel. 1973. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Trans. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper Colophon Books.

[16]: (Braudel 1973, 1083) Fernand Braudel. 1973. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Trans. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper Colophon Books.

[17]: (Braudel 1973, 1029) Fernand Braudel. 1973. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Trans. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper Colophon Books.

[18]: (Braudel 1973, 1091) Fernand Braudel. 1973. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Trans. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper Colophon Books.

[19]: (Sella 1997, 9-10) Dominc Sella. 1997. Italy in the Seventeeth Century. London & New York: Longman.

[20]: (Black 2001, 32) Christopher F Black. 2001. Early modern Italy. A social history. London: Routledge.

[21]: (Dandelet 2003, 219-232) Thomas Dandelet. 2003. "The Spanish Foundations of Late Renaissance and Baroque Rome." In Beyond Florence. The Contours of Medieval and Early Modern Italy.Paula Findlen, Michelle M. Fontaine, and Duane J. Osheim eds. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP. pp. 219-232

[22]: (Black 2001, 23) Christopher F Black. 2001. Early modern Italy. A social history. London: Routledge.

[23]: (Cipolla 1981, 90) Carlo M Cipolla. 1981. Fighting the plague in Seventeenth-century Italy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Capital

5 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

4 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

13 Power Transition

Instability Events

12 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3) was in:
(1527 CE 1647 CE)	Latium

Home NGA: Latium

General Variables

Identity and Location Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	33 T	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Capital	Rome	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Alternative Name	Stato Pontificio	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Alternative Name	Patrimonium Sancti Petri	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Alternative Name	The Papal States	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Alternative Name	Stato della Chiesa	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Alternative Name	Papal States Modern I	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Temporal Bounds Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1571 CE
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Duration	[1527 CE ➜ 1648 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	it_papal_state_3 alliance with es_spanish_emp_1	1559 CE 1610 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Roman Catholicism	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Papal States - Medieval Period II	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Succeeding Entity 1648 CE 1809 CE	Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 1378 CE 1527 CE	Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Language Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Language	Latin	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Religion Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Christianity	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Religion Family	Catholic	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Religion	Roman Catholic	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	10,000 people	1527 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	45,000 people	1550 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	116,695 people	1591 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	99,312 people	1602 CE
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Polity Territory	44,000 km²	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Polity Population	1,600,000 people	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	4	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Religious Level	6	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Military Level	5	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Administrative Level	[4 to 5]	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Professions Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Examination System	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Law Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Judge	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Court	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Port	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Canal	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Bridge	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Information / Writing System Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Script	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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History	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Fiction	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Calendar	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Information / Money Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Article	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Information / Postal System Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Courier	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Information / Measurement System Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Modern Fortification	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moat	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Ditch	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Military use of Metals Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Iron	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Bronze	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Projectiles Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present Inferred	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Sling	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Self Bow	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Javelin	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Crossbow	Present Inferred	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Handheld weapons Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Sword	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Spear	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Polearm	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Dagger	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Animals used in warfare Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Donkey	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Dog	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Camel	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Armor Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Shield	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Helmet	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Naval technology Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1527 CE 1648 CE
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Human Sacrifice Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More