Home Region: Southern Europe (Europe)

Papal States - Renaissance Period

1378 CE 1527 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 it_papal_state_2 / ItPapRn

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Rome - Republic Restoration Period] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1527 CE 1648 CE Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3) [continuity]

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General Description

The 1378-1527 CE period of the Papal States is known for ’Renaissance popes’ who "concentrated their efforts on protecting their Italian domain and in lavishly reconstructing the city of Rome." ^[1] The Sistine Chapel, a popular symbol of the renaissance, was built between 1475-1481 CE commissioned by Sixtus IV. Goldthwaite has argued that the papacy’s return to Rome in 1378 inaugurated a phase of economic growth for the Rome and its hinterland, reflecting Rome’s dependence on the papacy, and not Lazio’s productivity, to stimulate the economy. ^[2] Before the sack of Rome in 1527 CE ^[3] the population had finally begun to grow again, from about 30,000 early in the 14th century to 55,000.
The Renaissance Popes attempted to systematize and unify the financial administration of the Papal State. This meant ending financial and judicial immunities, and rolling back the power of locally powerful bishops and abbots. ^[4] However, the vast bureaucracy the Pope oversaw was a fundamentally corrupt one, by the late 14th century founded on bribery, the sale of offices, and patronage politics. ^[5] During the fifteenth century, the sale of offices within the curia became routinized; and Peterson has estimated that under Pope Leo X (1513-1521), two thousand offices were for sale in the city of Rome alone. ^[6]
The papacy’s ability to control the regions of the Papal States fluctuated dramatically during this period, especially during the Great Schism (1378-1417 CE). During the Schism, numerous ecclesiastical territories in the Papal State were seized by or alienated to secular lords. ^[7] The 1380s and 1390s were characterized by a long and futile struggle between the Roman and Avignon popes for control of territory and finances in central and southern Italy, with the long-term result being the destabilization of central Italy and the intensified decentralization of power in the Papal State, especially in the Romagna and le Marche. ^[8]
In general, the various lords, cities, and feudatories of the papal states were ready and willing to rebel when possible, for example, in 1375 CE. ^[9] Furthermore, the lords of the petty Lords known as the Romagna were de facto independent for much of the late 14th and early 15th centuries. ^[10] During the mid-15th century, King Ferrante of Naples deliberately contracted with Roman barons for them to raise mercenary bands for his service, undercutting these barons’ feudal ties to the papacy. ^[11]
As distinct from the previous centuries, up until 1494 CE the Papal States was usually free from influence of German emperors or Spanish kings, ^[12] but the drastically changed situation between 1494-1527 CE, following the French king Charles VIII’s invasion of Italy. ^[13]

[1]: (Madigan 2015, 386) K Madigan. 2015. Medieval Christianity: A New History. Yale University Press. New Haven.

[2]: (Goldthwaite 2010, 172) Richard Goldthwaite. 2010. The Economy of Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

[3]: (Bairoch et al 1988, 47) Paul Bairoch. Jean Batou. Pierre Chèvre. 1988. The Population of European Cities from 800 to 1850. Geneva: Droz.

[4]: Partner, 385-87; Braudel, 697

[5]: (Martin 2002, 34) John M Marino, ed. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[6]: (Peterson 2010, 74) John M Najemy, ed. 2010. Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300-1500. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[7]: (Partner 1972, 385) Peter Partner. 1972. The lands of Saint Peter. The Papal State in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press.

[8]: (Partner 1972, 371) Peter Partner. 1972. The lands of Saint Peter. The Papal State in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press.

[9]: (Partner 1972, 366-367) Peter Partner. 1972. The lands of Saint Peter. The Papal State in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press.

[10]: For these petty lordships, see Larner

[11]: (Mallett and Shaw 2012, 10) Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw. 2012 The Italian Wars, 1494-1559: War, state and society in early modern Europe. Harlow, England: Pearson.

[12]: (Najemy 2010) John M Najemy, ed. 2010. Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300-1500. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[13]: (Ady 1975, 343-367) Denys Hay ed. 1975. The New Cambridge Modern History, I: The Renaissance, 1493-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge UP

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

4 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

2 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

16 Power Transition

Instability Events

19 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2) was in:
(1378 CE 1526 CE)	Latium

Home NGA: Latium

General Variables

Identity and Location Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	33 T	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Original Name	Papal States - Renaissance Period	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Capital	Rome	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Alternative Name	Stato della Chiesa	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Alternative Name	Patrimonium Sancti Petri	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Alternative Name	The Papal States	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Alternative Name	Papal States Renaissance Period	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Temporal Bounds Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1506 CE
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Duration	[1378 CE ➜ 1527 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Christendom	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Papal States - Medieval Period I	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Rome - Republic Restoration Period [continuity] Update here
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Succeeding Entity 1527 CE 1648 CE	Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	loose	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Language Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Language	Latin	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Religion Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Christianity	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Religion Family	Catholic	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Religion	Roman Catholic	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[25,000 to 33,000] people	1400 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	55,000 people	1500 CE
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Polity Territory	44,000 km²	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Polity Population	600,000 people	1400 CE
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Polity Population	1,600,000 people	1500 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[4 to 5]	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Religious Level	5	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Military Level	5	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Administrative Level	[4 to 6]	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Professions Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Examination System	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Law Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Judge	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Court	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present Inferred	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Port	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Canal	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Bridge	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Information / Writing System Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Script	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present Inferred	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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History	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Fiction	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Calendar	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Information / Money Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Article	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Information / Postal System Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Courier	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Information / Measurement System Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Modern Fortification	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moat	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Ditch	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Military use of Metals Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Iron	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Bronze	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Projectiles Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Sling	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Self Bow	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Javelin	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Crossbow	Present Inferred	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Handheld weapons Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Sword	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Spear	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Polearm	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Dagger	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Animals used in warfare Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Donkey	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Dog	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Camel	Absent	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Armor Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Shield	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Helmet	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Naval technology Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1378 CE 1527 CE
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Human Sacrifice Papal States - Renaissance Period (it_papal_state_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More