Home Region: Southern Europe (Europe)

Papal States - Early Modern Period II

1648 CE 1809 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 it_papal_state_4 / ItPapM2

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1527 CE 1648 CE Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3) [continuity]

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General Description

The papacy was victorious in the Second War of Castro (1649). This was only the denouement of a minor episode, however, and in general the Papal State was a political fossil, undertaking no reforms in the spirit of the Enlightenment, and increasingly irrelevant to European affairs. ^[1]
The first part of this period marked the definitive eclipse of the papacy as a power of any reckoning in international relations. Pope Urban VIII had annexed the Duchy of Urbino to the Papal States in 1631, thereby alienating the papacy from the other Italian powers. ^[2] The first war of Castro broke out in 1641 when Urban declared war on the Farnese, the ruling family of Parma, over the poor finances of Castro, a small fiefdom held by the Farnese just north of Rome. Tuscany, Modena and Venice joined the Farnese to resist the papacy, and inflicted humiliating defeats on the papal armies. ^[3] In 1644, the French imposed a peace settlement. Although Pope Innocent X’s troops took Castro and razed it to the ground in 1649, the papacy was now isolated internationally and increasingly irrelevant. The papacy took no part in the Peace of Westphalia, and it was also not consulted in the Franco-Spanish Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659). ^[4] The papacy took no part in European wars for the rest of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The papacy’s irrelevance internationally can be seen as part of the decline of the Spanish empire, as had benefited from Spanish protection during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. ^[5] The French came to dominate European affairs during the reign of Louis XIV, but the struggle for power in Europe did not seriously affect the Papal State until the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Warfare ravaged the peninsula in the early eighteenth century, as the (Austrian) Habsburgs and French Bourbons battled to fill the vacuum created by Spain’s gradual eclipse. ^[6] These wars were external events imposed on the Italian states, and they took as little part as possible. Spanish attempts to recruit troops at Rome in the 1730s were met by serious riots, for example. ^[7] The War of the Austrian Succession devastated areas of the Marches and Romagna, but the papacy, it seems, was powerless to prevent foreign armies’ depredations. ^[7]
As the eighteenth century progressed, this weakness, even impotence, became ever more marked. Clement XI in 1720 and Clement XII called for an Italian league to expel northern rulers, but these appeals were meaningless because the papacy controlled no armies worth speaking of. ^[8] Thus, international relations between the papacy and the European powers during the later 18th century consisted of papal resistance to European states’ attempts to restrain the power of the Church. ^[9] This took its characteristic form in the French and Spanish expulsion of the Jesuit Order from their domains; in 1773, Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order. ^[10] As a reward, the French restored Avignon and the Spanish Benevento to the papacy. ^[11]
The papacy opposed the French Revolution from the beginning, and by 1792, there was a schism in France between Catholics who supported the Church sanctioned by the Revolutionary regime, and those who remained faithful to Rome. ^[12] Pius VI sympathized with the Habsburgs and the revolutionary regime’s enemies, and his successor was powerless in the face of Bonaparte’s 1796 invasion of the peninsula. ^[13] Indeed, the papal ambassador Zelada’s reply to British requests for papal approval of the war against the French was the following: ^[14] "’It is true that there was a time when the voice of the Roman Pontiff was heard, respected, and obeyed; now...it is scarcely listened ever listened to, and never has any effect.’" Although the British fleet had briefly protected the Papal States’ coasts from the French, by 1796 the British had withdrawn. ^[14] Napoleon did not initially invade the Papal States proper, only the Legation cities of Ravenna, Bologna, and Ferrara; in the following peace treaty, the French annexed Ravenna, Bologna, Ancona, and the right of entry to all papal ports. ^[15] The papacy furthermore had to pay Napoleon 21 million crowns. War recommenced in 1797, and Bonaparte marched almost unopposed down the eastern coast of the peninsula, stealing whatever the papal government had not yet removed of the treasury at Loreto and forcing terms on the papacy at Tolentino in mid-February. ^[16] Refusing to acquiesce in French domination, Pius VI was arrested in February 1798 and bundled off to prison in Valence, France.
The second half the 1600s was marked by a renewal of "Christianization" efforts, i.e., to educate the laity and ensure a stricter adherence to post-Tridentine Catholicism. ^[17] The wars, famines, and epidemics between 1610 and the mid-1650s had disrupted these efforts, but there was a "Tridentine revival" in the second half of the century resulting in Jesuit missions to the Kingdom of Naples, and more frequent pastoral visits by bishops. ^[18] The Inquisition, which had been institutionalized as the Roman Inquisition in the sixteenth century, was still active, although it may not have burnt as many heretics and witches as authorities north of the Alps. ^[19] The Inquisition censored books, although it was not necessarily successful at preventing their spread. ^[19] Pilgrimage remained popular, especially in Jubilee years (in this period, 1725, 1750, and 1775), and confraternities showed remarkable staying power, especially in the duchy of Benevento and the kingdom of Naples. Baptism and the Mass remained little changed, although parish records became a standard part of the Church’s institutional machinery.
The seventeenth century was a period of major demographic and economic contraction, but by the mid-18th century, recovery had begun. ^[20] Gross has estimated that in 1684, the Papal States’ trade and payment deficit was five million scudi; in 1786, the Papal States’ imports exceeded their exports by three times. ^[21] Rome remained what it had long been, a parasitic drain on the Agro Romano. ^[22] The city consisted of a small plutocracy and a vast mass of artisans, courtiers, workers, and a major substratum of the permanently indigent; pilgrims added to the city’s population and its coffers periodically. Ancona, on the other hand, experienced revived prosperity in the mid-18th century following Clement XII’s decree making it a free port. ^[23] Bologna’s economy was in decline due to the implosion of the textile trade. ^[23] An important contribution to the future demographic and economic health of Lazio was the draining of the Pontine Marshes, carried out under Popes Benedict XIV, Clement XIII, and Pius VI. ^[24]

[1]: (Symcox 2002, 118) John M Marino, ed. 2002. Early Modern Italy, 1550-1796. Oxford: Oxford UP.

[2]: (Sella 1997, 9-10) Dominc Sella. 1997. Italy in the Seventeeth Century. London & New York: Longman.

[3]: (Sella 1997, 10) Dominc Sella. 1997. Italy in the Seventeeth Century. London & New York: Longman.

[4]: (Sella 1997, 11) Dominc Sella. 1997. Italy in the Seventeeth Century. London & New York: Longman.

[5]: (Dandelet 2003, 219-232) Thomas Dandelet. 2003. "The Spanish Foundations of Late Renaissance and Baroque Rome." In Beyond Florence. The Contours of Medieval and Early Modern Italy.Paula Findlen, Michelle M. Fontaine, and Duane J. Osheim eds. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP. pp. 219-232

[6]: (Woolf 1979, 29) S J Woolf. 1979. A History of Italy 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change. 2nd Ed. London: Methuen.

[7]: (Woolf 1979, 35) S J Woolf. 1979. A History of Italy 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change. 2nd Ed. London: Methuen.

[8]: (Woolf 1979, 37) S J Woolf. 1979. A History of Italy 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change. 2nd Ed. London: Methuen.

[9]: (Hay 1975, 68) Denys Hay ed. 1975. The New Cambridge Modern History, I: The Renaissance, 1493-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge UP

[10]: (Hay 1975, 40) Denys Hay ed. 1975. The New Cambridge Modern History, I: The Renaissance, 1493-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge UP

[11]: (Hay 1975, 42) Denys Hay ed. 1975. The New Cambridge Modern History, I: The Renaissance, 1493-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge UP

[12]: (Hay 1975, 80) Denys Hay ed. 1975. The New Cambridge Modern History, I: The Renaissance, 1493-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge UP

[13]: (Hay 1975, 80-81) Denys Hay ed. 1975. The New Cambridge Modern History, I: The Renaissance, 1493-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge UP

[14]: (Hay 1975, 98) Denys Hay ed. 1975. The New Cambridge Modern History, I: The Renaissance, 1493-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge UP

[15]: (Hay 1975, 99) Denys Hay ed. 1975. The New Cambridge Modern History, I: The Renaissance, 1493-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge UP

[16]: (Hay 1975, 101) Denys Hay ed. 1975. The New Cambridge Modern History, I: The Renaissance, 1493-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge UP

[17]: (Sella 1997, 106-115) Dominc Sella. 1997. Italy in the Seventeeth Century. London & New York: Longman.

[18]: (Sella 1997, 107) Dominc Sella. 1997. Italy in the Seventeeth Century. London & New York: Longman.

[19]: (Sella 1997, 160) Dominc Sella. 1997. Italy in the Seventeeth Century. London & New York: Longman.

[20]: (Carpanetto and Recuperati 1987, 47) Dino Carpanetto. Giuseppe Ricuperati. 1987. Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685-1789. Trans. Caroline Higgit. London/New York: Oxford UP.

[21]: (Gross 1990, 88) Gross, Hanns. Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The post-Tridentine syndrome and the ancien regime. Cambridge, CUP.

[22]: (Carpanetto and Recuperati 1987, 15) Dino Carpanetto. Giuseppe Ricuperati. 1987. Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685-1789. Trans. Caroline Higgit. London/New York: Oxford UP.

[23]: (Carpanetto and Recuperati 1987, 16) Dino Carpanetto. Giuseppe Ricuperati. 1987. Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685-1789. Trans. Caroline Higgit. London/New York: Oxford UP.

[24]: (Carpanetto and Recuperati 1987, 48) Dino Carpanetto. Giuseppe Ricuperati. 1987. Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685-1789. Trans. Caroline Higgit. London/New York: Oxford UP.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Capital

5 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

5 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

2 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

2 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

15 Power Transition

Instability Events

15 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4) was in:
(1648 CE 1800 CE)	Latium

Home NGA: Latium

General Variables

Identity and Location Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	33 T	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Capital	Rome	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Alternative Name	Stato Pontificio	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Alternative Name	The Papal States	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Alternative Name	Terrae Sancti Petri	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Alternative Name	Patrimonium Sancti Petri	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Alternative Name	Papal States Modern II	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Temporal Bounds Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1750 CE
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Duration	[1648 CE ➜ 1809 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Roman Catholicism	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Napoleonic Empire	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Preceding Entity 1527 CE 1648 CE	Papal States - Early Modern Period I (it_papal_state_3) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Language Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Language	Latin	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Religion Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Christianity	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Religion Family	Catholic	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Religion	Roman Catholic	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	118,000 people	1652 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	135,000 people	1699 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	158,000 people	1750 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	158,000 people Disputed	1800 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	153,000 people Disputed	1800 CE
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Polity Territory	44,000 km²	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Polity Population	1,900,000 people	1700 CE
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Polity Population	2,300,000 people	1800 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	4	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Religious Level	6	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Military Level	5	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Administrative Level	6	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Professions Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Examination System	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Law Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Judge	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Court	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Port	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Canal	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Bridge	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Information / Writing System Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Script	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present Inferred	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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History	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Fiction	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Calendar	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Information / Money Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Paper Currency	Present Inferred	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Article	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Information / Postal System Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Courier	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Information / Measurement System Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Modern Fortification	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moat	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Earth Rampart	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Ditch	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Military use of Metals Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Iron	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Bronze	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Projectiles Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present Inferred	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Sling	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Self Bow	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Javelin	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Crossbow	Present Uncertain	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Crossbow	Absent Uncertain	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Handheld weapons Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Sword	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Spear	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Polearm	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Dagger	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Battle Axe	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Animals used in warfare Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Donkey	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Dog	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Camel	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Armor Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Shield	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Leather Cloth	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Helmet	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Naval technology Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1648 CE 1809 CE
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Human Sacrifice Papal States - Early Modern Period II (it_papal_state_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More