Home Region: Andes (South America and Caribbean)

Cuzco - Early Intermediate I

200 CE 499 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 pe_cuzco_2 / PeCuzE1

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

500 BCE 200 CE Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

500 CE 649 CE Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3) [absorption]

General Description

The Early Intermediate Period of Andean history lasted from 400 BCE to 550 CE, ^[1] and is known for the emergence of regional forms of political organization, such as the Moche in northern Peru (100-800 CE) and the Nazca in the Rio Grande de Nazca and Ica regions (100 BC-800 CE). In the Cuzco Valley, this period saw the development of numerous chiefdoms of varying sizes. ^[2] One of these polities is known as Qotakalli (200-500 CE), ^[3] and may have controlled an area of up to 1000 square kilometres. ^[4]
The period also saw a change in settlement patterns. Wimpillay no longer dominated the valley, as several new large sites grew in the west of the basin, with a possible large settlement under the modern city of Cusco. ^[5] New settlements grew along the lower valley slopes below 3500 metres above sea level, which archaeologist Brian Bauer interprets as evidence for population growth and a possible shift in the valley’s economy towards maize production. ^[6]
In the Lucre Basin further to the east, the Chanapata culture still flourished in the form of small farming villages until 600 CE: Chanapata ceramics were found in the lowest strata during excavations at the site of Choquepukio. ^[7] These polities may have centred around the sites of Choquepukio and Mama Qolda. ^[5] Furthermore, the presence of Pucara ceramics and early Tiwanaku-related wares indicate possible contacts between the Cuzco Valley polities and the Titicaca cultural sphere, perhaps through trade, but not through political assimilation. ^[7] ^[8]
Population and political organization
Although the population of the region during this period is currently impossible to determine, it is worth mentioning that 16 Qotakalli sites with an area of between 1 and 5 hectares have been surveyed, as well as 35 sites between 0.25 and 1 hectares, ^[9] suggesting a possible two-tiered settlement pattern. ^[10] The density of sites near modern Cuzco may indicate various groups of elite households interacting with each other within the Qotakalli chiefdom. ^[5]

[1]: (Bauer 2004, 12) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[2]: (Bauer 2004, 54) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[3]: (Bauer 2004, 47) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[4]: (Covey 2006, 59) Alan R. Covey. 2006. How the Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

[5]: (Bauer 2004, 52) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[6]: (Bauer 2004, 53) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[7]: (McEwan 2006, 88) Gordon F. McEwan. 2006. ’Inca State Origins: Collapse and Regeneration in the Southern Peruvian Andes’, in After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies, edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and John J. Nichols, 85-98. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.

[8]: (Bauer 2004, 143) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[9]: (Covey 2006, 60) Alan R. Covey. 2006. How the Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

[10]: (Bauer 2004, 51) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

2 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language Genus

1 Language

Religion

1 Religious Tradition

1 Religion Family

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

3 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Communal Building

Transport Infrastructure

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

2 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

2 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2) was in:
(200 CE 499 CE)	Cuzco

Home NGA: Cuzco

General Variables

Identity and Location Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	18 L	200 CE 499 CE
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Utm Zone	19 L	200 CE 499 CE
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Original Name	Cuzco - Early Intermediate I	200 CE 499 CE
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Capital	Cuzco	200 CE 499 CE
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Alternative Name	Qotakalli	200 CE 499 CE
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Alternative Name	Formative Period	200 CE 499 CE
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Alternative Name	Chanapata	200 CE 499 CE
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Temporal Bounds Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[200 CE ➜ 499 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	200 CE 499 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Lake Titicaca cultural sphere	200 CE 499 CE
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Succeeding Entity	PeCuzE2	200 CE 499 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	200 CE 499 CE
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Succeeding Entity 500 CE 649 CE	Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3) [absorption]
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Preceding Entity 500 BCE 200 CE	Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	none	200 CE 499 CE
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Language Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	suspected unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Language Genus	unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Language	unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Religion Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Religion Family	unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	-	200 CE 499 CE
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Polity Territory	[600 to 800] km²	200 CE
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Polity Territory	[600 to 800] km²	300 CE
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Polity Territory	1,000 km²	400 CE
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Polity Population	-	200 CE 499 CE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	200 CE 499 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	200 CE 499 CE
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Administrative Level	- Undecided	200 CE 499 CE
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Professions Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Law Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	200 CE 499 CE
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Food Storage Site	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Communal Building	Uncoded Undecided	200 CE 499 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Special-purpose Sites Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Information / Writing System Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Script	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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History	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Fiction	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Calendar	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Information / Money Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Article	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Information / Postal System Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Information / Measurement System Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present Inferred	200 CE 399 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	400 CE 500 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Moat	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent Inferred	200 CE 399 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	400 CE 500 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Ditch	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Long Wall	absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Military use of Metals Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Iron	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Copper	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Bronze	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Projectiles Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Sling	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Javelin	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Atlatl	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Handheld weapons Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Sword	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Spear	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Polearm	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Dagger	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Battle Axe	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Animals used in warfare Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Elephant	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Donkey	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	200 CE 499 CE
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Camel	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Armor Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Shield	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Helmet	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	200 CE 499 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Naval technology Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown	200 CE 499 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	200 CE 499 CE
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Human Sacrifice Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More