Home Region: Andes (South America and Caribbean)

Cuzco - Early Intermediate II

500 CE 649 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 pe_cuzco_3 / PeCuzE2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

200 CE 499 CE Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2) [absorption]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

650 CE 999 CE Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp) [elite replacement]

General Description

The Early Intermediate Period of Andean history lasted from 400 BCE to 550 CE, ^[1] and is known for the emergence of regional forms of political organization, such as the Moche in northern Peru (100‒800 CE) and the Nazca in the Rio Grande de Nazca and Ica regions (100 BC‒800 CE). In the Cuzco Valley, this period saw the development of numerous chiefdoms of varying sizes. ^[2] One of these polities is known as Qotakalli (200‒500 CE), ^[3] and may have controlled an area of up to 1000 square kilometres. ^[4]
The period also saw a change in settlement patterns. Wimpillay no longer dominated the valley, as several new large sites grew in the west of the basin, with a possible large settlement under the modern city of Cusco. ^[5] New settlements grew along the lower valley slopes below 3500 metres above sea level, which archaeologist Brian Bauer interprets as evidence for population growth and a possible shift in the valley’s economy towards maize production. ^[6]
In the Lucre Basin further to the east, the Chanapata culture still flourished in the form of small farming villages until 600 CE: Chanapata ceramics were found in the lowest strata during excavations at the site of Choquepukio. ^[7] These polities may have centred around the sites of Choquepukio and Mama Qolda. ^[5] Furthermore, the presence of Pucara ceramics and early Tiwanaku-related wares indicate possible contacts between the Cuzco Valley polities and the Titicaca cultural sphere, perhaps through trade, but not through political assimilation. ^[7] ^[8]
Population and political organization
Although the population of the region during this period is currently impossible to determine, it is worth mentioning that 16 Qotakalli sites with an area of between 1 and 5 hectares have been surveyed, as well as 35 sites between 0.25 and 1 hectares, ^[9] suggesting a possible two-tiered settlement pattern. ^[10] The density of sites near modern Cuzco may indicate various groups of elite households interacting with each other within the Qotakalli chiefdom. ^[5]
The chronological boundaries between this polity and the previous one are not clear-cut. Brian Bauer designates 200-600 CE as the Qotakalli period, ^[3] while Alan Covey states that Qotakalli appeared around 400 CE. ^[4] Moreover, Covey refers to a settlement shift after 400 CE in the Sacred Valley (within our NGA, natural geographical area): before 400 CE, he says there was a small chiefdom with a three-tiered settlement hierarchy, and another one in the Cuzco Basin. After 400 CE the large villages were abandoned and new ones built at about 3500 metres above sea level. In the Sacred Valley, the abandoned sites represent 70% of the sample. Qotakalli pottery has been found at the new sites. ^[11] Depending on the chronology used, we could postulate either continuity or cultural assimilation of the previous polity in the Qotakalli circa 400 CE.
What can be noted with more confidence, however, is that the 6th and 7th centuries CE saw the incursion of Wari colonies into the Cuzco valley, interacting with smaller local polities in the south and west of the valley. ^[12] Araway ceramics may have been one of the markers of elite status, exchanged between local chiefs and Wari representatives. ^[13] There seems to be strong cultural continuity between the Qotakalli sites and the sites where Araway pottery is present: although Wari colonists were present in the valley, their numbers remained low and evidence suggests that they did not exert political or military dominance over other groups. ^[14] ^[15]

[1]: (Bauer 2004, 12) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[2]: (Bauer 2004, 54) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[3]: (Bauer 2004, 47) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[4]: (Covey 2006, 59) Alan R. Covey. 2006. How the Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

[5]: (Bauer 2004, 52) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[6]: (Bauer 2004, 53) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[7]: (McEwan 2006, 88) Gordon F. McEwan. 2006. ’Inca State Origins: Collapse and Regeneration in the Southern Peruvian Andes’, in After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies, edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and John J. Nichols, 85-98. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.

[8]: (Bauer 2004, 143) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[9]: (Covey 2006, 60) Alan R. Covey. 2006. How the Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

[10]: (Bauer 2004, 51) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[11]: (Covey 2006, 60-63) Alan R. Covey. 2006. How the Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

[12]: (Bauer and Covey 2002, 850) B. S. Bauer and A. R. Covey. 2002. ’Processes of State Formation in the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru)’. American Anthropologist 104 (3): 846-64.

[13]: (Covey 2006, 77) Alan R. Covey. 2006. How the Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

[14]: (Covey 2006, 74) Alan R. Covey. 2006. How the Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

[15]: Alan Covey 2017, personal communication

General Variables

Identity and Location

2 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

2 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language Genus

1 Language

Religion

1 Religious Tradition

1 Religion Family

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3) was in:
(500 CE 649 CE)	Cuzco

Home NGA: Cuzco

General Variables

Identity and Location Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	18 L	500 CE 649 CE
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Utm Zone	19 L	500 CE 649 CE
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Original Name	Cuzco - Early Intermediate II	500 CE 649 CE
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Capital	Cuzco	500 CE 649 CE
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Alternative Name	Qotakalli Period	500 CE 649 CE
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Alternative Name	Qotakalli Chiefdom	500 CE 649 CE
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Temporal Bounds Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	600 CE
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Duration	[500 CE ➜ 649 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	500 CE 649 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Lake Titicaca cultural sphere	500 CE 649 CE
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Succeeding Entity	PeWari*	500 CE 649 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	500 CE 649 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	cultural assimilation	500 CE 649 CE
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Preceding Entity 200 CE 499 CE	Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2) [absorption]
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Succeeding Entity 650 CE 999 CE	Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp) [elite replacement]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	500 CE 649 CE
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Language Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	suspected unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Language Genus	unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Language	unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Religion Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Religion Family	unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	-	500 CE 649 CE
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Polity Territory	1,000 km²	500 CE 649 CE
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Polity Population	-	500 CE 649 CE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	500 CE 649 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	500 CE 649 CE
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Professions Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Law Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	500 CE 649 CE
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Food Storage Site	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Bridge	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Information / Writing System Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Script	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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History	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Fiction	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Calendar	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Information / Money Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Article	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Information / Postal System Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Information / Measurement System Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	500 CE 649 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Moat	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Ditch	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Long Wall	absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Military use of Metals Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Iron	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Copper	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Bronze	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Projectiles Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Sling	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Javelin	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Atlatl	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Handheld weapons Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Sword	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Spear	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Polearm	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Dagger	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Battle Axe	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Animals used in warfare Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Elephant	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Donkey	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	500 CE 649 CE
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Camel	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Armor Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Shield	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Helmet	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	500 CE 649 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Naval technology Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown	500 CE 649 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	500 CE 649 CE
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Human Sacrifice Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More