Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Transport infrastructure

Canal

Talking about transport infrastructure, canals refers to canals built and/or maintained by the polity (that is, code 'present' even if the polity did not build a canal, but devotes resources to maintaining it).  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
canal The absence or presence of canal for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Canal   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
1614 CE 1706 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
2
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
1706 CE 1775 CE
present
Confident No Edit
3
Spanish Empire II
1716 CE 1814 CE
present
Confident No Edit
4
Soviet Union
1923 CE 1991 CE
present
Confident No Edit
5
Sasanid Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
6
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
7
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
8
French Kingdom - Late Capetian
-
present
Confident No Edit
9
Carolingian Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
10
Tocharians
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
11
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
12
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
13
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
14
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
15
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
16
Carolingian Empire II
-
unknown
Inferred No Edit
17
Axum I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
18
Beaker Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
19
Proto-French Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
20
Hallstatt A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
21
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
22
British Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
23
Napoleonic France
-
present
Confident No Edit
24
Plantagenet England
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
25
La Tene C2-D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
26
French Kingdom - Early Valois
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
27
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
28
British Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
29
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
absent
Confident No Edit
30
Ashanti Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
31
Archaic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
32
Classical Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
33
The Emirate of Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
34
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
35
Hellenistic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
36
Monopalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
37
Neolithic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
38
New Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
39
Old Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
40
Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
41
Prepalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
42
Hawaii I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
43
Hawaii II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
44
Hawaii III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
45
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
46
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
47
Canaan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
48
Yisrael
-
absent
Confident No Edit
49
Chalukyas of Badami
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
50
Chalukyas of Kalyani
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
51
Deccan - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
52
Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
53
Northern Song
-
present
Confident No Edit
54
Tang Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
55
Tang Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
56
Early Wei Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
57
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
58
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
59
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
60
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
61
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
62
Naqada II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
63
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
64
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Confident No Edit
65
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
present
Inferred No Edit
66
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
67
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
68
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
69
Atlantic Complex
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
70
French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
71
La Tene B2-C1
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
72
Kediri Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
73
Mataram Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
74
Deccan - Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
75
Saffarid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
76
Early A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
77
Kadamba Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
78
Rashtrakuta Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
79
Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
80
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
81
Formative Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
82
Susiana B
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
83
Susiana - Late Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
84
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
85
Pre-Ceramic Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
86
Susa I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
87
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Confident No Edit
88
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
present
Confident No Edit
89
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
present
Confident No Edit
90
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
present
Confident No Edit
91
Kara-Khanids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
92
Andronovo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
93
Saadi Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
94
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
95
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
96
Jenne-jeno III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
97
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
98
Mali Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
99
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
100
Khitan I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
101
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
102
Vijayanagara Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
103
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
104
Early Dynastic
-
present
Confident No Edit
105
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
106
Neo-Babylonian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
107
Uruk
-
present
Confident No Edit
108
Parthian Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
109
Seljuk Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
110
Latium - Bronze Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
111
Latium - Iron Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
112
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
113
Early Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
114
Middle Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
115
Roman Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
116
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
117
Kansai - Kofun Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
118
Warring States Japan
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
119
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
120
Funan II
-
present
Confident No Edit
121
Phoenician Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
122
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
123
Rouran Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
124
Second Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
125
Xianbei Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
126
Late Xiongnu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
127
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
128
Zungharian Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
129
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
130
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
131
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
132
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
133
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
134
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
135
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
136
Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
137
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
138
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
139
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
140
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
141
Sarazm
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
142
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
143
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
144
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
145
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
146
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
147
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
148
Neo-Hittite Kingdoms
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
149
Phrygian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
150
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
absent
Confident No Edit
151
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
absent
Confident No Edit
152
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
153
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
154
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
155
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
156
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
157
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
158
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
159
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
160
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
161
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
absent
Confident No Edit
162
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
163
Koktepe I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
164
Himyar I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
165
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
166
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
167
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
168
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
169
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
170
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
171
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
172
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
173
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
174
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
175
Inca Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
176
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
177
Rattanakosin
-
present
Confident No Edit
178
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
179
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
180
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
181
Ottoman Emirate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
182
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident No Edit
183
Oneota
-
absent
Confident No Edit
184
Chagatai Khanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
185
Timurid Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
186
Kushan Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
187
Eastern Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
188
Western Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
189
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
190
Longshan
-
present
Inferred No Edit
191
Great Ming
-
present
Confident No Edit
192
Early Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
193
Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
194
Sui Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
195
Western Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
196
Western Zhou
-
present
Confident No Edit
197
Yangshao
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
198
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
199
Badarian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
200
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
201
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
202
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
203
Naqada I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
204
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
205
Umayyad Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
206
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
207
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
208
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Confident No Edit
209
Egypt - Saite Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
210
Spanish Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
211
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
212
Early Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
213
Proto-Carolingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
214
Middle Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
215
Majapahit Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
216
Yehuda
-
absent
Confident No Edit
217
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
218
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
219
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
220
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
221
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
222
Ilkhanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
223
Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties
-
present
Confident No Edit
224
Parthian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
225
Akkadian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
226
Amorite Babylonia
-
present
Confident No Edit
227
Kassite Babylonia
-
present
Inferred No Edit
228
Bazi Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
229
Dynasty of E
-
present
Inferred No Edit
230
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
231
Isin-Larsa
-
present
Inferred No Edit
232
Ur - Dynasty III
-
present
Confident No Edit
233
Achaemenid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
234
Ak Koyunlu
-
present
Inferred No Edit
235
Elam - Awan Dynasty I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
236
Buyid Confederation
-
present
Confident No Edit
237
Elymais II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
238
Ayutthaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
239
Safavid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
240
Seleucids
-
present
Confident No Edit
241
Elam - Early Sukkalmah
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
242
Susa II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
243
Susa III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
244
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
245
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
246
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
247
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
248
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
present
Inferred No Edit
249
Late Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
250
Roman Empire - Principate
-
present
Confident No Edit
251
Republic of St Peter I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
252
Republic of Venice III
-
present
Confident No Edit
253
Republic of Venice IV
-
present
Confident No Edit
254
Asuka
-
present
Confident No Edit
255
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
256
Byzantine Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
257
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
present
Confident No Edit
258
Heian
-
present
Inferred No Edit
259
Kamakura Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
260
Nara Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
261
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
262
Classical Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
263
Early Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
264
Late Angkor
-
present
Inferred No Edit
265
Khmer Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
266
Chenla
-
present
Confident No Edit
267
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
268
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Confident No Edit
269
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
absent
Confident No Edit
270
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
271
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
272
Funan I
-
present
Confident No Edit
273
Fatimid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
274
Byzantine Empire I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
275
Mongol Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
276
Uigur Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
277
Later Wagadu Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
278
Early Monte Alban I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
279
Sasanid Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
280
Monte Alban II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
281
Monte Alban III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
282
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
283
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
284
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
285
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
286
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
287
Ottoman Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
288
Ottoman Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
289
Early Illinois Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
290
Samanid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
291
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
292
Himyar II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
293
Dutch Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
294
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
295
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
296
Kanem
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
297
Oyo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
298
Hohokam Culture
-
present
Confident No Edit
299
Armenian Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
300
Early United Mexican States
-
present
Confident No Edit
301
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
present
Confident No Edit
302
Late Tiwanaku
-
present
Confident No Edit
303
Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase
-
present
Confident No Edit
304
Antebellum US
-
present
Confident No Edit
305
Late Classic Tikal
-
present
Confident No Edit
306
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
absent
Confident No Edit
307
Khwarezmid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
308
Golden Horde
-
present
Confident No Edit
309
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
-
present
Confident No Edit
310
Lombard Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
311
Anglo-Saxon England II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
312
Anglo-Saxon England I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
313
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
314
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
present
Confident No Edit
315
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
316
Monte Alban Late I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
317
Durrani Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
318
Five Dynasties Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
319
Hephthalites
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit