Home Region: Siberia (Central and Northern Eurasia)

Sakha - Late

1632 CE 1900 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 ru_sakha_late / RuYakuL

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[elite migration; Sakha Tribes] [elite replacement] Update here

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

General Description

The Lena River Valley, also known as Sakha, is a territory in eastern Siberia over four times the size of Texas. ^[1] One of the coldest places on Earth, it has been home to the Sakha people since at least the 13th century CE. ^[2] Cossacks first arrived in the 1620s, and after a long siege of a Sakha fortified settlement, the entire region was placed under tribute to the Russian czar in 1642. ^[3] The region remained under czarist control until the Russian Revolution, when it was one of the last Russian territories to be consolidated under the new regime. ^[3]
Population and political organization
Prior to Russian rule, the region was not politically centralized. Early Sakha communities were governed by lineage councils, clans, and elders rather than a bureaucratic state apparatus. ^[4] After the Russian occupation, the czarist administration imposed taxes and established an administrative infrastructure. ^[5] For most of the rest of its Russian history, the territory was controlled by governors under the umbrella of the czarist regime. ^[6]
It is difficult to find population estimates forSakha. It was very sparsely populated, and according to one account of a late 18th-century expedition to the region, the district of Gigansk (in the Lena River Valley) had 4834 ’tributary natives’ in 1784 but only 1938 by 1789. ^[7] The account unfortunately does not provide figures for the entirety of the province.

[1]: (Balzer and Skoggard 1997, 1) Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam, and Ian Skoggard. 1997. “Culture Summary: Yakut.” eHRAF World Cultures. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=rv02-000. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GD78HCEV.

[2]: (Gogolev 1992, 65) Gogolev, A. I. 1992. “Basic Stages of the Formation of the Yakut People.” Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 31 (2): 63-69. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F428XZIE.

[3]: (Balzer and Skoggard 1997, 2) Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam, and Ian Skoggard. 1997. “Culture Summary: Yakut.” eHRAF World Cultures. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=rv02-000. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GD78HCEV.

[4]: (Balzer and Skoggard 1997, 7) Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam, and Ian Skoggard. 1997. “Culture Summary: Yakut.” eHRAF World Cultures. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=rv02-000. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GD78HCEV.

[5]: (Jochelson 1933, 220) Jochelson, Waldemar. 1933. The Yakut. Vol. 33. Anthropological Papers of the AMNH. New York: The American Museum of Natural History. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/FTJS2I4W.

[6]: (Jochelson 1933, 224) Jochelson, Waldemar. 1933. The Yakut. Vol. 33. Anthropological Papers of the AMNH. New York: The American Museum of Natural History. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/FTJS2I4W.

[7]: (Sauer 1802, 112) Sauer, Martin. 1802. An Account of a Geographical and Astronomical Expedition to the Northern Parts of Russia. London: T. Cadell, Jun. and W. Davies, in the Strand. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WEZG6MTS.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

2 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

2 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

2 Judge

2 Formal Legal Code

2 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

2 Written Record

2 Script

2 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

2 Sacred Text

2 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

1 Fastest Individual Communication

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

2 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

2 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

2 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

14 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late) was in:
(1643 CE 1900 CE)	Lena River Valley

Home NGA: Lena River Valley

General Variables

Identity and Location Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	52 V	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Original Name	Sakha	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Capital	Yakutsk	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Urangkhai Sakha	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Yakut	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Yakutians	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Temporal Bounds Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[1850 CE ➜ 1900 CE]
Loading...

Duration	[1632 CE ➜ 1900 CE]
Loading...

Political and Cultural Relations Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	ru_sakha_late vassalage to ru_romanov_dyn_1	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Suprapolity Relations	ru_sakha_late vassalage to ru_romanov_dyn_2	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Supracultural Entity	Siberia	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Succeeding Entity	USSR	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Succeeding Entity	Czarist Russia	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Scale of Supracultural Interaction	13,100,000 km²	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Relationship to Preceding Entity	elite migration	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Preceding Entity	elite migration; Sakha Tribes [elite replacement] Update here
Loading...

Degree of Centralization	loose	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Language Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Altaic	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Language	Sakha (Yakut)	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Religion Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	- Undecided	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Polity Territory	- Undecided	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Polity Population	- Undecided	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Hierarchical Complexity Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	1	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Religious Level	1	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Military Level	2	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Administrative Level	2	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Professions Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Professional Priesthood	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Professional Military Officer	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Bureaucracy Characteristics Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Examination System	Absent Inferred	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Law Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Judge	Absent	1632 CE 1889 CE
Loading...

Judge	Present	1890 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Formal Legal Code	Absent	1632 CE 1889 CE
Loading...

Formal Legal Code	Present	1890 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Court	Absent	1632 CE 1889 CE
Loading...

Court	Present	1890 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Specialized Buildings: polity owned Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Irrigation System	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Food Storage Site	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Drinking Water Supply System	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Transport Infrastructure Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Port	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Canal	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Bridge	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Special-purpose Sites Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Information / Writing System Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	1632 CE 1800 CE
Loading...

Written Record	Present	1801 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Script	Absent	1632 CE 1800 CE
Loading...

Script	Present	1801 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	1632 CE 1800 CE
Loading...

Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1801 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Nonwritten Record	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Mnemonic Device	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Information / Kinds of Written Documents Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Sacred Text	Absent	1632 CE 1800 CE
Loading...

Sacred Text	Present	1801 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Religious Literature	Absent	1632 CE 1800 CE
Loading...

Religious Literature	Present	1801 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Practical Literature	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Philosophy	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

History	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Fiction	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Calendar	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Information / Money Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Precious Metal	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Paper Currency	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Indigenous Coin	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Foreign Coin	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Article	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Information / Postal System Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

General Postal Service	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Courier	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Fastest Individual Communication	- Undecided	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Information / Measurement System Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	1632 CE 1642 CE
Loading...

Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	1643 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Settlements in a Defensive Position	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Modern Fortification	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moat	Present	1632 CE 1642 CE
Loading...

Moat	Absent	1643 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Fortified Camp	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Earth Rampart	Present	1632 CE 1642 CE
Loading...

Earth Rampart	Absent	1643 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Ditch	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Complex Fortification	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Long Wall	absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Military use of Metals Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Unknown Suspected	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Iron	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Copper	Absent Inferred	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Bronze	Unknown Suspected	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Projectiles Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Sling	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Self Bow	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Javelin	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Handheld Firearm	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Crossbow	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Composite Bow	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Atlatl	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Handheld weapons Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Sword	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Spear	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Polearm	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Dagger	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Battle Axe	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Animals used in warfare Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Elephant	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Donkey	Absent Inferred	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Dog	Absent Inferred	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Camel	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Armor Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Shield	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Scaled Armor	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Plate Armor	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Limb Protection	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Leather Cloth	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Laminar Armor	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Helmet	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Chainmail	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Breastplate	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Naval technology Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent Disputed	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent	1632 CE 1900 CE
Loading...

Human Sacrifice Sakha - Late (ru_sakha_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More