Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Hatti - Old Kingdom

1650 BCE 1500 BCE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 tr_hatti_old_k / TrHatOK

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

2000 BCE 1700 BCE Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia (tr_central_anatolia_mba) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1500 BCE 1400 BCE Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II (tr_konya_lba) [continuity]

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General Description

The early period of the Hittite Kingdom lasted from about 1650 to 1500 BCE and is known as the Old Kingdom. The polity emerged after a group of Indo-European speakers migrated c. 2000 BCE from either the Causasus or the Bosphorus and Dardanelles and settled on a high plateau in western Anatolia known as Hatti. ^[1] ^[2] The immigrants mingled with the indigenous people of Hatti and adopted many of their beliefs and customs. ^[1]
Population and political organization
Before the mid-1st millennium BCE, the central Anatolian region was divided into many city-states. ^[3] Gradually, however, the Hittites began to conquer the neighbouring cities, founding a strong state around 1650 BCE. ^[1] ^[4] Labarna I (17th century BCE) was the first known Hittite king. ^[5]
The king was the supreme ruler and military commander, a chief judge and a priest in Hittite society. ^[6] He entrusted the management of major cities and provinces to officials who were often directly answerable to him, ^[7] and could bestow important military positions on members of his own family. ^[8] Vassal rulers were obliged to pay tribute to the king and take an oath of allegiance. ^[9]

[1]: (Bryce 2002, 8) Bryce, Trevor R. 2002. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/8JSUC58W.

[2]: (Stephens, Jr. 1979, 46) Stephens, Jr., W. Richard. 1979. “The Rise of the Hittite Empire: A Comparison of Theories on the Origin of the State.” Mid-American Review of Sociology 4 (1): 39-55. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2MD3WV2T.

[3]: (Stephens, Jr. 1979, 41-42) Stephens, Jr., W. Richard. 1979. “The Rise of the Hittite Empire: A Comparison of Theories on the Origin of the State.” Mid-American Review of Sociology 4 (1): 39-55. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2MD3WV2T.

[4]: (Stephens, Jr. 1979, 41049) Stephens, Jr., W. Richard. 1979. “The Rise of the Hittite Empire: A Comparison of Theories on the Origin of the State.” Mid-American Review of Sociology 4 (1): 39-55. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2MD3WV2T.

[5]: (Bryce 2002, 34) Bryce, Trevor R. 2002. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/8JSUC58W.

[6]: (Bryce 2007, 11) Bryce, Trevor A. 2007. Hittite Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/38EMV897.

[7]: (Bryce 2002, 16) Bryce, Trevor R. 2002. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/8JSUC58W.

[8]: (Bryce 2007, 8-9) Bryce, Trevor A. 2007. Hittite Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/38EMV897.

[9]: (Bryce 2002, 43) Bryce, Trevor R. 2002. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/8JSUC58W.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

6 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

2 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

2 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

2 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

9 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k) was in:
(1650 BCE 1501 BCE)	Konya Plain

Home NGA: Konya Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 N	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Original Name	Hatti - Old Kingdom	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hittite Kingdom	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hethiter	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hittites	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hetyci	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hititler veya Etiler	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Alternative Name	People of the Land of Hatti	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1650 BCE ➜ 1500 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Succeeding Entity	Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Succeeding Entity 1500 BCE 1400 BCE	Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II (tr_konya_lba) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 2000 BCE 1700 BCE	Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia (tr_central_anatolia_mba) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Language Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Language	Nesite	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Language	Luwian	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Religion Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Hittite Religions	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[11,000 to 14,000] people	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Polity Territory	[50,000 to 75,000] km²	1,600 BCE
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Polity Territory	[150,000 to 200,000] km²	1,500 BCE
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Polity Population	[800,000 to 1,600,000] people	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Religious Level	3	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Military Level	[6 to 7]	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Administrative Level	3	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Professions Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Examination System	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Law Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Judge	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Court	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Irrigation System	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Port	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Bridge	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Writing System Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Script	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Sacred Text	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Religious Literature	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Practical Literature	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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History	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Fiction	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Calendar	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Information / Money Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Precious Metal	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Article	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Information / Postal System Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Courier	Present Inferred	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moat	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Ditch	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Military use of Metals Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Iron	Absent Inferred	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Copper	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Bronze	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Projectiles Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Javelin	Absent Uncertain	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Javelin	Present Uncertain	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Handheld weapons Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Sword	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Spear	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Dagger	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Donkey	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Camel	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Armor Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Shield	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Helmet	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Breastplate	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Naval technology Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Unknown	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent	1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Hatti - Old Kingdom (tr_hatti_old_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More