Home Region: Levant (Southwest Asia)

Yehuda

141 BCE 63 BCE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 il_judea / IlJudea

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Seleucid Empire] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity:

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General Description

The Judea (originally Yehuda) polity of 141 - 63 BCE was formed when Simon Thassi, brother of the executed Jonathan Apphus who had waged war against the Seleucids, was elected as High King and Prince in a popular assembly in 141 BCE. Simon achieved a measure of quasi-independence from the Seleucids—though he remained a vassal and the population retained strong elements of Hellenism.
According to archaeologists, it seems that Galilee was only sparsely settled before this period, and that the conquering of territories and increase in Jewish communities coming into the area contributed to the rise in permanent settlements and population during this time. However, agreements over the population differs widely, with estimates on the largest settlement, Jerusalem, ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 people. ^[1] ^[2] ^[3]
Judea was a sophisticated, well-organised and equipped society, with markets, established trade routes, water transportation infrastructure, aqueducts and cisterns, temples and palaces, sporting arenas, libraries, and many other modern features. ^[4] ^[5] ^[6]

[1]: Leibner (2009:319).

[2]: Broshi (1978).

[3]: Geva (2013).

[4]: Chanson (2002:56).

[5]: Netzer (2001:13-39).

[6]: See the Specialized Buildings section for more information from our expert

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

3 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

2 Linguistic Family

3 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

Law

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

2 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

11 Power Transition

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Yehuda (il_judea) was in:
(103 BCE 62 BCE)	Galilee

Home NGA: Galilee

General Variables

Identity and Location Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 S Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Original Name	Yehuda Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Capital	Jerusalem Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	105 BCE Expert
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Duration	[141 BCE ➜ 63 BCE] Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	nominal allegiance to [---] Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Suprapolity Relations	none Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Suprapolity Relations	vassalage to [---] Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Jewish diaspora Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Late Roman Republic Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	100,000 km² Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Seleucid Empire [continuity] Update here Expert
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Language Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Semitic Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Linguistic Family	Indo-European Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Language	Aramaic Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Language	Hebrew Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Language	Greek Expert	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Religion Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[10,000 to 100,000] people	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Polity Territory	[5,000 to 10,000] km²	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Polity Population	- Undecided	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Professions Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Law Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Specialized Buildings: polity owned Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Irrigation System	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Port	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Canal	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Bridge	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Information / Writing System Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Script	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Unknown	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Sacred Text	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Religious Literature	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Practical Literature	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Philosophy	Unknown	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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History	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Fiction	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Calendar	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Information / Money Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Precious Metal	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Article	Unknown Suspected	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Information / Postal System Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown	141 BCE 63 BCE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Courier	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moat	Unknown	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Ditch	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Military use of Metals Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present Uncertain	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Steel	Absent Uncertain	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Iron	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Copper	Unknown Suspected	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Projectiles Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Sling	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Handheld weapons Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Sword	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Spear	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Polearm	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Dagger	Unknown Suspected	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Dog	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Camel	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Armor Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Shield	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Helmet	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Chainmail	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Breastplate	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Naval technology Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Unknown	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	141 BCE 63 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Yehuda (il_judea)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More