Home Region: Western Europe (Europe)

La Tene B2-C1

325 BCE 175 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 fr_la_tene_b2_c1 / FrTeneB

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

475 BCE 325 BCE La Tene A-B1 (fr_la_tene_a_b1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

175 BCE 27 BCE La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d) [continuity]

General Description

La Tene (B2-C1) was an Iron Age culture in Europe named after an archaeological site at Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland.
The territory centred on ancient Gaul and at its height spanned areas in modern day France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Southern Germany, Czechia, parts of Northern Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, and adjacent parts of the Netherlands, Slovakia, Croatia, western Romania, and western Ukraine.
Settlements during this period included larger towns, villages and farmsteads spread throughout their territories. ^[1] During this period tribes became urbanised and more centralized but although they formed alliances with other tribes, they did not join together within a unified centralized polity. ^[2] Each tribe had their own fortified urban settlements and there was no capital city.
The population is estimated at around 70,000-80,000, and much of the information we have about the populations comes from the time of Caesar’s invasion of Gaul.

[1]: (Wells 1999, 45-47)

[2]: (Kruta 2004, 105)

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

8 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

2 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

2 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1) was in:
(324 BCE 175 BCE)	Paris Basin

Home NGA: Paris Basin

General Variables

Identity and Location La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	31 U	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Original Name	La Tene B2-C1	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital)	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Alternative Name	La Tene Gaul	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Alternative Name	Celtic Gaul	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Alternative Name	Gaul	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Alternative Name	Iron Age Gaul	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Alternative Name	Celtic Empire	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Alternative Name	La Tene	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Alternative Name	La Tene culture	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Alternative Name	Galli	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Temporal Bounds La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	200 BCE
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Duration	[325 BCE ➜ 175 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	La Tene	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	La Tene C2-D	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Preceding Entity 475 BCE 325 BCE	La Tene A-B1 (fr_la_tene_a_b1) [continuity]
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Succeeding Entity 175 BCE 27 BCE	La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Degree of Centralization	loose	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Language La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Celtic	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Language	Gallic	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Religion La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	50 people	300 BCE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	[1,500 to 3,000] people	200 BCE
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Polity Territory	1,250 km²	300 BCE
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Polity Territory	1,250 km²	200 BCE
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Polity Population	[70,000 to 80,000] people	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[2 to 4]	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Religious Level	- Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Military Level	4	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Administrative Level	3	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Professions La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Law La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Judge	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Port	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Canal	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Bridge	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Information / Writing System La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Script	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Sacred Text	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Religious Literature	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Practical Literature	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Philosophy	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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History	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Fiction	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Calendar	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Information / Money La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Paper Currency	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Article	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Information / Postal System La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Courier	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Information / Measurement System La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Ditch	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Military use of Metals La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Iron	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Copper	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Bronze	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Projectiles La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Sling	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Javelin	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Handheld weapons La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Sword	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Spear	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Polearm	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Dagger	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Animals used in warfare La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Donkey	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Camel	Absent	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Armor La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Shield	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Helmet	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Chainmail	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Breastplate	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Naval technology La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	325 BCE 175 BCE
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Human Sacrifice La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More