Home Region: Western Europe (Europe)

La Tene C2-D

175 BCE 27 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 fr_la_tene_c2_d / FrTeneC

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

325 BCE 175 BCE La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

General Description

La Tene (C2-D) was an Iron Age culture in Europe named after an archaeological site at Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland that ran from approximately 175-27 BCE. ^[1]
The territory centered on ancient Gaul and at its height spanned areas in modern day France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Southern Germany, Czechia, parts of Northern Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, and adjacent parts of the Netherlands, Slovakia, Croatia, western Romania, and western Ukraine.
Settlements during this period included fortified urban settlements, larger towns, villages and farmsteads spread throughout their territories. ^[2] During this period tribes became urbanised and more centralized but although they formed alliances with other tribes, they did not join together within a unified centralized polity. ^[3] Each tribe had their own fortified urban settlements and there was no capital city.
Production of goods at many of the larger sites included glass jewellery, leather-working, bronze-casting and coin minting. ^[4]
The population is estimated at around 70,000-80,000, and much of the information we have about the population (and other aspects of La Tene life during this period) comes from the time of Caesar’s invasion of Gaul. ^[5] ^[6]

[1]: (Collis 2003, 172, 217-218)

[2]: (Wells 1999, 45-47)

[3]: (Kruta 2004, 105)

[4]: (Wells 1999, 49-54

[5]: (Wells 1984:171)

[6]: (Patterson 1995, 136)

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

9 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

2 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d) was in:
(174 BCE 27 BCE)	Paris Basin

Home NGA: Paris Basin

General Variables

Identity and Location La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	31 U	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Original Name	La Tene C2-D	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital)	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Alternative Name	Gaul	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Alternative Name	Celtic Gaul	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Alternative Name	Late La Tene	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Alternative Name	La Tene Gaul	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Alternative Name	Iron Age Gaul	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Alternative Name	Celtic Empire	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Alternative Name	La Tene	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Alternative Name	La Tene culture	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Alternative Name	Galli	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Temporal Bounds La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	125 BCE
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Duration	[175 BCE ➜ 27 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	fr_la_tene_c2_d alliance with it_roman_rep_3	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	La Tene	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Late Roman Republic	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Preceding Entity 325 BCE 175 BCE	La Tene B2-C1 (fr_la_tene_b2_c1) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	nominal	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Language La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Language	Gaulish	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Religion La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[8,000 to 10,000] people	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Polity Territory	15,000 km²	100 BCE
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Polity Population	[70,000 to 80,000] people	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[2 to 4]	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Religious Level	[2 to 3]	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Military Level	4	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Administrative Level	[3 to 4]	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Professions La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Law La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Judge	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Port	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Bridge	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Information / Writing System La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Script	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Sacred Text	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Religious Literature	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Practical Literature	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Philosophy	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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History	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Fiction	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Calendar	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Information / Money La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Paper Currency	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Article	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Information / Postal System La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Courier	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Information / Measurement System La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moat	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Ditch	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Military use of Metals La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Iron	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Copper	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Projectiles La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Sling	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Javelin	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Handheld weapons La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Sword	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Spear	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Polearm	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Dagger	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Animals used in warfare La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Camel	Absent	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Armor La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Shield	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Helmet	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Chainmail	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Breastplate	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Naval technology La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	175 BCE 27 BCE
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Human Sacrifice La Tene C2-D (fr_la_tene_c2_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More