Section: Handheld weapons
Variable: War Club (All coded records)
The absence or presence of war_clubs as a military technology used in warfare. Includes maces  
War Club
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Suspected Expert 1300 BCE 801 BCE
If "the first archaeologically recognizable, large post-Indus urban settlements are not earlier than the fifth century BC ... solidly visible states ... appear in a sudden profusion in the late first millennium B.C." [1] - who was king Stabrobates of India who used war elephants against a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) in the 9th century BCE? [2] One could infer king Stabrobates, if not based there himself, must have subdued and controlled the Kachi Plain region in order to invade Mesopotamia from ’India’. (Another source says Assyria invaded India and were driven out of Pakistan and India). [3] Diodorus Siculus says this too, queen Semiramis was based in Bactra (Bactria?). [4] If king Stabrobates’s polity controlled the Kachi Plain, then we code the according to the military technology he possessed. This would have included weapons of war. Note: one military historian estimates that the Assyrian army had a strategic range of 2000 km [5] which places the Indus region in reach of their forces.

[1]: (Ahmed 2014, 64) Mukhtar Ahmed. 2014. Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Foursome Group.

[2]: (Mayor 2014, 289) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Kistler 2007, 18) John M Kistler. 2007. War Elephants. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln.

[4]: Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics.

[5]: (Gabriel 2002, 9) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


2 Early Xiongnu unknown Suspected Expert 1300 BCE 701 BCE
"Among their weapons we find the compound bow, bronze and bone arrowheads (their arrows also contained beads that gave them a whistling effect), broadswords, short swords, lances, and maces." [1]

[1]: (Golden 1992, 60)


3 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period present Inferred Expert 800 BCE
If "the first archaeologically recognizable, large post-Indus urban settlements are not earlier than the fifth century BC ... solidly visible states ... appear in a sudden profusion in the late first millennium B.C." [1] - who was king Stabrobates of India who used war elephants against a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) in the 9th century BCE? [2] One could infer king Stabrobates, if not based there himself, must have subdued and controlled the Kachi Plain region in order to invade Mesopotamia from ’India’. (Another source says Assyria invaded India and were driven out of Pakistan and India). [3] Diodorus Siculus says this too, queen Semiramis was based in Bactra (Bactria?). [4] If king Stabrobates’s polity controlled the Kachi Plain, then we code the according to the military technology he possessed. This would have included weapons of war. Note: one military historian estimates that the Assyrian army had a strategic range of 2000 km [5] which places the Indus region in reach of their forces.

[1]: (Ahmed 2014, 64) Mukhtar Ahmed. 2014. Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Foursome Group.

[2]: (Mayor 2014, 289) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Kistler 2007, 18) John M Kistler. 2007. War Elephants. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln.

[4]: Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics.

[5]: (Gabriel 2002, 9) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


4 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Suspected Expert 799 BCE 500 BCE
If "the first archaeologically recognizable, large post-Indus urban settlements are not earlier than the fifth century BC ... solidly visible states ... appear in a sudden profusion in the late first millennium B.C." [1] - who was king Stabrobates of India who used war elephants against a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) in the 9th century BCE? [2] One could infer king Stabrobates, if not based there himself, must have subdued and controlled the Kachi Plain region in order to invade Mesopotamia from ’India’. (Another source says Assyria invaded India and were driven out of Pakistan and India). [3] Diodorus Siculus says this too, queen Semiramis was based in Bactra (Bactria?). [4] If king Stabrobates’s polity controlled the Kachi Plain, then we code the according to the military technology he possessed. This would have included weapons of war. Note: one military historian estimates that the Assyrian army had a strategic range of 2000 km [5] which places the Indus region in reach of their forces.

[1]: (Ahmed 2014, 64) Mukhtar Ahmed. 2014. Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Foursome Group.

[2]: (Mayor 2014, 289) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Kistler 2007, 18) John M Kistler. 2007. War Elephants. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln.

[4]: Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics.

[5]: (Gabriel 2002, 9) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


5 Early Xiongnu present Confident Expert 700 BCE 300 BCE
"Among their weapons we find the compound bow, bronze and bone arrowheads (their arrows also contained beads that gave them a whistling effect), broadswords, short swords, lances, and maces." [1]

[1]: (Golden 1992, 60)


6 Java - Buni Culture unknown Suspected Expert 500 BCE 149 CE
Paleolithic Patjitan culture in Java had stone tools like hand-axes that could have been used for or developed into a weapon of war. [1] According to the Chinese Nan chou i wu chih (A Record of Strange Things in the Southern Regions) written about 222-228 CE a volcanic country called ’Ge-ying’ (thought to be western Java) traded with the Malay Peninsula and imported horses from India. They were used by warriors. [2] Dewawarman I may have founded Salakanagara in west West Java 130 CE. He followed Aji Saka who may have introduced ’Buddhism, letters, calendar, etc.’) into Central and East Java 78 CE. [3]

[1]: (Barstra 1976, 77) Gert-Jan Bartstra. 1976. Contributions to the Study of the Palaeolithic Patjitan Culture Java, Indonesia. Part 1. Volume 6. E J BRILL. Leiden.

[2]: (Miksic and Goh 2017, 215) John Norman Miksic. Geok Yian Goh. Routledge. 2017. Ancient Southeast Asia. London. p. 215

[3]: (Iguchi 2015) Masatoshi Iguchi. 2015. Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country. Troubador Publishing Ltd.


7 Java - Buni Culture present Inferred Expert 150 CE 500 CE
Paleolithic Patjitan culture in Java had stone tools like hand-axes that could have been used for or developed into a weapon of war. [1] According to the Chinese Nan chou i wu chih (A Record of Strange Things in the Southern Regions) written about 222-228 CE a volcanic country called ’Ge-ying’ (thought to be western Java) traded with the Malay Peninsula and imported horses from India. They were used by warriors. [2] Dewawarman I may have founded Salakanagara in west West Java 130 CE. He followed Aji Saka who may have introduced ’Buddhism, letters, calendar, etc.’) into Central and East Java 78 CE. [3]

[1]: (Barstra 1976, 77) Gert-Jan Bartstra. 1976. Contributions to the Study of the Palaeolithic Patjitan Culture Java, Indonesia. Part 1. Volume 6. E J BRILL. Leiden.

[2]: (Miksic and Goh 2017, 215) John Norman Miksic. Geok Yian Goh. Routledge. 2017. Ancient Southeast Asia. London. p. 215

[3]: (Iguchi 2015) Masatoshi Iguchi. 2015. Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country. Troubador Publishing Ltd.


8 Proto-French Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert 987 CE 1049 CE
"Lesser weapons were also employed by knights after 1050. Special forms of ax, hammer (bec), mace, club, and flail were introduced in the 12th and 13th centuries to supplement the sword, but it was only after 1300 that these were both fully developed and commonly used." [1]

[1]: (Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.


9 Proto-French Kingdom present Confident Expert 1050 CE 1150 CE
"Lesser weapons were also employed by knights after 1050. Special forms of ax, hammer (bec), mace, club, and flail were introduced in the 12th and 13th centuries to supplement the sword, but it was only after 1300 that these were both fully developed and commonly used." [1]

[1]: (Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.


10 Neguanje unknown Suspected Expert -
-
11 Akan - Pre-Ashanti absent Confident Expert -
-
12 Ashanti Empire absent Confident Expert -
-
13 Archaic Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
14 Classical Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
15 Final Postpalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
16 Geometric Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
17 Hellenistic Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
18 Monopalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
19 Neolithic Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
20 Postpalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
21 Prepalatial Crete unknown Suspected Expert -
-
22 Tang Dynasty I present Inferred Expert -
They could have used war clubs if they had wished.
23 Tocharians present Confident Expert -
"Among their weapons we find the compound bow, bronze and bone arrowheads (their arrows also contained beads that gave them a whistling effect), broadswords, short swords, lances, and maces." [1]

[1]: (Golden 1992, 60)


24 Erligang present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from the presence of war clubs in previous and subsequent polities in the Middle Yellow River Valley.
25 Erlitou present Inferred Expert -
present for previous polity in chronology.
26 Hmong - Late Qing unknown Suspected Expert -
we need expert input in order to code this variable
27 Northern Song present Confident Expert -
Maces.
28 Peiligang unknown Suspected Expert -
Likely unknown.
29 Late Qing absent Confident Expert -
obsolete technology
30 Late Shang present Inferred Expert -
Present for Erlitou, unknown for Erligang (the period that precedes the Shang).
31 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty present Confident Expert -
"In 844/1440, 40 Ma’azibah were clubbed to death by the sultan’s forces. Later in the year the sultan sent a new governor to al-Mahjam who was murdered. This, says the author of the Ghayah. marked the end of Rasulid control over Tihamah." [1]

[1]: Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, p. 25, Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/


32 Yemen Ziyad Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
Code inferred from Abbasid Caliphate [1] which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE.

[1]: Hugh N Kennedy. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy


33 Tang Dynasty II present Inferred Expert -
They could have used war clubs if they had wished.
34 Western Han Empire present Inferred Expert -
present in previous polities
35 Ayyubid Sultanate present Confident Expert -
Mace. [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 1986, 18) Nicolle, D. 1986. Saladin and the Saracens. Osprey Publishing Ltd. Oxford.


36 Badarian unknown Suspected Expert -
Mace was the dominant weapon of war between 4000-2500 BCE in Sumer and until the Hyksos invasions (1700 BCE) in Egypt. [1]

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 24-25) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


37 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I present Confident Expert -
Mamluk ’askari had iron mace. [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.


38 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III present Confident Expert -
Mace. [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.


39 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II present Confident Expert -
Mamluk ’askari had iron mace. [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.


40 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period present Inferred Expert -
Present but used less frequently. Preiser-Kapeller (2015) suggests next data for war clubs for an Upper Egypt NGA polity may be East Roman Empire 395-631 CE. [1]

[1]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015, Personal Communication)


41 Ptolemaic Kingdom I absent Inferred Expert -
Academic histories of warfare and weaponry in Egypt stop mentioning axes and maces once they reach the New Kingdom, suggesting they gradually fell out of fashion.
42 Ptolemaic Kingdom II absent Inferred Expert -
Academic histories of warfare and weaponry in Egypt stop mentioning axes and maces once they reach the New Kingdom, suggesting they gradually fell out of fashion.
43 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period unknown Suspected Expert -
Present but used less frequently? Preiser-Kapeller (2015) suggests next data for war clubs for an Upper Egypt NGA polity may be East Roman Empire 395-631 CE. [1]

[1]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015, Personal Communication)


44 Atlantic Complex present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from previous quasi-polity.
45 Beaker Culture present Inferred Expert -
"Disc-shaped stone objects with a shafthole were made in the Neolithic period and are generally thought to have been mace heads, used as weapons, although there is no clear evidence of this before the Chalcolithic period." [1]

[1]: (McIntosh 2006, 298)


46 Carolingian Empire I absent Inferred Expert -
Wooden staffs were banned and bows were encouraged instead. [1]

[1]: (Hooper and Bennett 1996, 14) Nicholas Hooper. Matthew Bennett. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768-1487. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.


47 Hallstatt A-B1 present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from previous quasi-polities.
48 Hallstatt B2-3 present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from previous and subsequenct (quasi)polities.
49 Hallstatt C present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities.
50 Hallstatt D present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities.
51 Proto-Carolingian unknown Suspected Expert -
Not discussed in consulted literature RA.
52 Middle Merovingian unknown Suspected Expert -
Not discussed in consulted literature RA.
53 La Tene B2-C1 present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities.
54 French Kingdom - Late Valois present Inferred Expert -
Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453 CE) reference: mace. [1]

[1]: (Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.


55 Hawaii III present Confident Expert -
Stone clubs. pg 515. [1]

[1]: Jolb, Michael, J. and Dixon, Boyd 2002. Landscape of war: Rules and conventions of conflict in ancient Hawai’i (and elsewhere). American Antiquity, 67, 514-534.


56 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial unknown Suspected Expert -
-
57 Mataram Sultanate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
58 Yehuda unknown Suspected Expert -
-
59 Yisrael unknown Suspected Expert -
-
60 Deccan - Neolithic unknown Suspected Expert -
-
61 Late A'chik absent Confident Expert -
-
62 Vijayanagara Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
63 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar unknown Suspected Expert -
-
64 Formative Period unknown Suspected Expert -
-
65 Susiana A unknown Suspected Expert -
-
66 Susiana B unknown Suspected Expert -
-
67 Pre-Ceramic Period unknown Suspected Expert -
-
68 Seleucids unknown Suspected Expert -
-
69 Ostrogothic Kingdom unknown Confident Expert -
-
70 Papal States - Early Modern Period I present Confident Expert -
-
71 Papal States - Early Modern Period II absent Confident Expert -
-
72 Exarchate of Ravenna absent Confident Expert -
-
73 Roman Empire - Principate absent Confident Expert -
-
74 Canaan present Confident Expert -
"In light of the introduction of the ax during the EB, it would seem that the club rarely, if ever, functioned as the sole, short-range weapon of the Levantine soldier. The three Asiatics depicted on the East Wall (south side) of Tomb 2 at Beni Hasan each bear another weapon in addition to the club; the front warrior bears both the eye ax and the club, while the two soldiers after him bear clubs and spears (Newberry 1893:pl. 16)." [1]

[1]: Burke (2004:82).


75 Post-Mauryan Kingdoms present Confident Expert -
A military historian states that the Maurayan heavy infantry is known to have used iron weapons including maces, dagger-axes, battle-axes and a slashing sword [1] - do Maurayan specialists agree?

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 219) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.


76 Chalcolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected Expert -
Not mentioned by sources in lists of artefacts found at sites in the region dating to this time.
77 Early A'chik absent Confident Expert -
not mentioned in sources detailing A’chik weapons and tools
78 Kushan Empire present Confident Expert -
"Among their weapons we find the compound bow, bronze and bone arrowheads (their arrows also contained beads that gave them a whistling effect), broadswords, short swords, lances, and maces." [1]

[1]: (Golden 1992, 60)


79 Mahajanapada era absent Confident Expert -
Javelins, bows and various handheld weapons made of iron are present in the Later Vedic period, as shown by textual and archaeological evidence. [1] Other weapons are not mentioned and are therefore presumed absent.

[1]: Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2008), p.199, 245.


80 Magadha - Maurya Empire present Inferred Expert -
According to a military historian (this needs confirmation from a Mauryan specialist): iron maces and clubs. [1]

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 219) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.


81 Abbasid Caliphate I present Confident Expert -
Period from 862 CE: Maces. [1] "In attack, a short spear or javelin seems to have replaced the pike, and a mace might also have been added." [2]

[1]: (Kennedy 2001, 24) Kennedy, H. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs. Routledge. London.

[2]: (Nicolle 1982, 20) Nicolle, D. 1982. The Armies of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.


82 Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic absent Inferred Expert -
"As with the rest of the Near East, there is little evidence for warfare in Neolithic Mesopotamia." [1]

[1]: (Hamblin 2006: 33) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4WM3RBTD.


83 Elam - Awan Dynasty I present Inferred Expert -
According to a military historian (a polity specialist needs to check this data): Mace was the dominant weapon of war from 4000 BCE but had disappeared from Sumerian illustrations before 2500 BCE (a time when the helmet appears). [1] Inferred from the presence of war clubs in previous and subsequent polities in Susiana.

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 24) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


84 Ilkhanate present Confident Expert -
Mongol soldiers used maces. [1]

[1]: Martin, H. Desmond. “The Mongol Army.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1 (April 1, 1943): 52.


85 Elam I present Confident Expert -
‘Major categories are pear-shaped stone maceheads, copper/bronze spiked and star maces, shortswords, knives/daggers with upturned ends, iron socketed spears, and arrowheads’ [1]

[1]: Michael D. Danti, ‘The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 359


86 Parthian Empire I present Confident Expert -
Secondary weapons of the heavy cavalryman "included a long sword, axe, mace and dagger." [1]

[1]: (Penrose 2008, 224) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.


87 Safavid Empire present Confident Expert -
e.g maces [1]

[1]: Farrokh, Kaveh. Iran at War, 1500-1988. Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2011. chapter three.


88 Seljuk Sultanate present Confident Expert -
Ghulams or mamluks had maces. [1]

[1]: Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.221.


89 Icelandic Commonwealth unknown Suspected Expert -
[1]

[1]: Axel Kristissen; Arni D Juliusson pers. comm. 2017


90 Latium - Bronze Age present Inferred Expert -
In earlier period than this mace heads found in warrior male burials [1] .

[1]: A.P. Anzidei, A.M. Bietti Sestieri and A. De Santis, Roma e il Lazio dall’età della pietra alla formazione della città (1985), p. 98


91 Latium - Copper Age present Confident Expert -
Mace heads found in warrior male burials [1] .

[1]: A.P. Anzidei, A.M. Bietti Sestieri and A. De Santis, Roma e il Lazio dall’età della pietra alla formazione della città (1985), p. 98


92 Late Roman Republic absent Inferred Expert -
No information in literature.
93 Middle Roman Republic absent Inferred Expert -
No information in literature.
94 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity absent Confident Expert -
-
95 Republic of St Peter I absent Confident Expert -
-
96 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected Expert -
-
97 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected Expert -
-
98 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
-
99 Eastern Turk Khaganate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
100 Rouran Khaganate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
101 Shiwei unknown Suspected Expert -
-
102 Second Turk Khaganate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
103 Uigur Khaganate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
104 Zungharian Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
105 Kingdom of Norway II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
106 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I unknown Suspected Expert -
-
107 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II unknown Suspected Expert -
-
108 Cuzco - Late Formative unknown Suspected Expert -
-
109 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
110 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
111 Japan - Late Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
112 Kansai - Yayoi Period unknown Suspected Expert -
Kanabou (金棒) is noted as being a club weapon in use: ’Sort of iron club used by warriors in ancient times, and a favorite weapon of some monk-warriors (Heisou) in the Heian and Kamakura periods’ [1]

[1]: Louis Frederick, Japan Encyclopedia, translated by Kathe Roth, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 202, p. 466


113 Western Turk Khaganate present Inferred Expert -
Present in preceding and succeeding polities.
114 Classical Angkor absent Inferred Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’s in-depth and authoritative analysis of Khmer weaponry includes no mention of war clubs. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007)


115 Khmer Kingdom absent Inferred Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’s in-depth and authoritative analysis of Khmer weaponry includes no mention of war clubs. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007)


116 Eastern Han Empire present Inferred Expert -
Not mentioned by sources. Existed earlier in chronology for this region so not a question of whether technology is present. Battle axes, a similar crushing weapon, are known, so it is likely metal war clubs could have been used, if they were deemed to have been useful.
117 Saadi Sultanate present Inferred Expert -
Present in Egypt at this time [1] - the regime in the Morocco probably used weapons similar to those of its neighbours. We could also check - as yet unconsulted - references for Christians in contemporary Iberia who may have been used as mercenaries.

[1]: (Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.


118 Jenne-jeno II present Inferred Expert -
weapons: "clubs, bows and arrows, and spears" however they were most often used to acquire food [1]

[1]: (Reader 1998, 260)


119 Jenne-jeno IV present Confident Uncertain Expert -
weapons: "clubs, bows and arrows, and spears" however they were most often used to acquire food [1]

[1]: (Reader 1998, 260)


120 Mongol Empire present Confident Expert -
Mongol soldiers used maces. [1]

[1]: Martin, H. Desmond. “The Mongol Army.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1 (April 1, 1943): 52.


121 Early Mongols present Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Timothy May 2007)


122 Later Wagadu Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
"clubs, bows and arrows, and spears" however they were most often used to acquire food [1]

[1]: (Reader 1998, 260)


123 Middle Wagadu Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
"clubs, bows and arrows, and spears" however they were most often used to acquire food [1]

[1]: (Reader 1998, 260)


124 Monte Alban V absent Confident Expert -
Weapons other than obsidian swords, bows and arrows, slings, spears and atlatls are not known for this period. [1]

[1]: Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.


125 Middle Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred Expert -
"Little is known about warfare in Mesoamerica before the Middle Formative [...] warfare was relatively unorganized, conducted by small groups armed with unspecialized tool-weapons". [1]

[1]: (Hassig 1992: 12-13) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG.


126 Toltecs present Confident Expert -
"Toltec arms included atlatls and darts, knives, and a curved club that I have labelled a short sword." [1]

[1]: (Hassig 1992: 112) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG.


127 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I unknown Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Brian Bauer 2015, personal communication)


128 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II unknown Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Brian Bauer 2015, personal communication)


129 Wari Empire present Confident Expert -
Marjes Valley (at Beringa and La Real) finds include wooden clubs with doughnut-shaped stones on the end (maces) [1]

[1]: (Tung 2007, 944)


130 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Only flint, bone and copper tools tools have been found at Mehrgarh [1]

[1]: Petrie, C. A. (in press) Chapter 11, Case Study: Mehrgarh. In, Barker, G and Goucher, C (eds.) Cambridge World History, Volume 2: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE - 500 CE. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge


131 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period present Confident Expert -
According to the Cach-nama "the common weapons of the Indian soldiers in early medieval India were ’swords, shields, javelins, spears, and daggers.’ Other sources indicate that they also carried lances, maces and lassos." [1]

[1]: (Eraly 2015) Abraham Eraly. 2015. The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin.


132 Timurid Empire present Confident Expert -
"There was a comprehensive range of secondary weapons, including maces and varieties of swords, knives and shields." [1]

[1]: (Marozzi 2004, 100) Marozzi, J. 2004. Tamerlane. HarperCollinsPublishers. London.


133 Qatabanian Commonwealth unknown Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)


134 Sabaean Commonwealth unknown Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)


135 Yemen - Era of Warlords present Inferred Expert -
Code inferred from Abbasid Caliphate [1] which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE.

[1]: Hugh N Kennedy. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy


136 Hatti - New Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
137 Hatti - Old Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
-
138 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms unknown Suspected Expert -
-
139 Koktepe I unknown Suspected Expert -
-
140 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
-
141 Ghur Principality present Inferred Expert -
"in Juzjani’s Tabaqat-i Nasiri and obtained from an eye-witness ... light-armed cavalry (sawar-i baraha wa-jarida)... These are clearly shown a few lines later to have been mounted archers". [1] Could also be armed with war clubs? Ghaznavid and Ghurid armies: "scattered but substantial evidence ... cavalry wielded, in addition to bows and arrows, weapons such as battle-axes, maces, lances, spears, sabres, and long, curved swords (qalachurs), while whatever (non-Turkish) infantry there was carried bows, maces, short swords and spears". [2]

[1]: (Jackson 2003, 17) Peter Jackson. 2003. The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

[2]: (Wink 1997, 90) Andre Wink. 1997. Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume II: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th-13th Centuries. BRILL. Leiden.


142 Hephthalites present Inferred Expert -
The Hepthalites were steppe nomads who adopted the patterns of warfare suited to the central Asian steppe. Although direct evidence is scant, descriptions seem to indicate that they were mounted archers who may had utilized the stirrup and the double sheath. Evidence of there equipment is hard to verify, although they seem to have relied on mounted forces and traditional steppe tactics. There is some evidence of club use by the infantry. [1]

[1]: Grousset, Rene. The empire of the steppes: a history of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press, 1970.


143 Western Jin present Inferred Expert -
Existed earlier in chronology for this region so not a question of whether technology is present. Battle axes, a similar crushing weapon, are known, so it is likely metal war clubs could have been used, if they were deemed to have been useful.
144 Sakha - Early absent Confident Expert -
not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with weapons and armor
145 Sakha - Late absent Confident Expert -
not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with weapons and armor
146 Umayyad Caliphate present Confident Expert -
Maces in Umayyad period. [1]

[1]: (Kennedy 2001, 24) Kennedy, H. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs. Routledge. London.


147 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia present Confident Expert -
"The mace was among man’s oldest weapons (at least 6000 B.C.E. at Catal Huyuk)". [1] 4000 BCE in the Middle East and southeastern Europe: "sling, dagger, mace, and bow are common weapons". [2]

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 51) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.

[2]: (Gabriel 2007, xii) Richard A Gabriel. 2007. Soldiers’ Lives Through History: The Ancient World. Greenwood Press. Westport.


148 East Roman Empire present Confident Expert -
War clubs. [1]

[1]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015, Personal Communication)


149 Kingdom of Lydia unknown Suspected Expert -
not mentioned in literature
150 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic unknown Suspected Expert -
No information in the archaeological evidence for this time
151 Ottoman Emirate present Confident Expert -
akinji (raiders) carried a mace. [1]

[1]: (Turnball 2003, 18) Turnball, S. 2003. The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699. Osprey Publishing Ltd.


152 Ottoman Empire I present Confident Expert -
Siphai cavalry had mace. [1] akinji (raiders) carried a mace. [2]

[1]: (Nicolle 1983, Plate B)

[2]: (Turnball 2003, 18) Turnball, S. 2003. The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699. Osprey Publishing Ltd.


153 Ottoman Empire III present Inferred Expert -
Illustration shows battle axe and mace carried by "Bektaşi dervish, 18th C." [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 1983, Plate H)


154 Roman Empire - Dominate absent Confident Expert -
Use of atlatls, war clubs, battle axes and polearms does not appear to be supported by evidence.
155 Tabal Kingdoms unknown Suspected Expert -
Not mentioned in literature
156 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late present Confident Expert -
"The men of the Five Nations devised a number of weapons effective in aggressive warfare, which they fashioned with much skill... The Iroquois war club was originally a heavy weapon two feet in length made of ironwood with a globular head five or six inches in diameter." [1]

[1]: Lyford 1945, 44-45


157 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II present Confident Expert -
Evidence of victims "struck by arrows and clubs" as inter-group conflicts increased during "last half of the first millennium" [1] Clubs [2]

[1]: (Milner 2006, 174)

[2]: (Iseminger 2010, 78)


158 Cahokia - Late Woodland I present Confident Expert -
However, not regularly used as a weapon: evidence of victims "struck by arrows and clubs" increased only during "last half of the first millennium" [1]

[1]: (Milner 2006, 174)


159 Chagatai Khanate present Inferred Expert -
Presence of round conical helmet [1] suggests use of war clubs/maces in warfare.

[1]: (Robinson 1967) Robinson, H. Russell. 1967. Oriental Armour. Walker and Co. New York.


160 Hmong - Early Chinese unknown Suspected Expert -
we need expert input in order to code this variable
161 Jin present Inferred Expert -
The preceding Western Zhou had the spalling hammer. [1]

[1]: (Hong 1992, 89) Hong, Yang. 1992. Weapons in Ancient China. Science Press.


162 Longshan unknown Suspected Expert -
Clubs known in subsequent Erlitou. [1]

[1]: (Sawyer 2011, 146) Sawyer, R. 2011. Ancient Chinese Warfare. Basic Books.


163 Northern Wei present Inferred Expert -
Erzhu Rong’s men "were issued a weapon called the ’miraculous cugel’ which may have been a a crouched lance or merely a long club." [1]

[1]: (Whiting 2002, 234) Whiting, Marvin. 2002. Imperial Chinese Military History 6000 BC-1912 AD. Writers Club Press.


164 Early Wei Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from the presence of war clubs in previous and subsequent polities in the Middle Yellow River Valley.
165 Western Zhou present Confident Expert -
spalling hammer. [1]

[1]: (Hong 1992, 89) Hong, Yang. 1992. Weapons in Ancient China. Science Press.


166 Yangshao unknown Suspected Expert -
"However extensively clubs and staves may have been employed, the bow and arrow and early versions of the axe (but surprisingly not the spear) came to dominate the ever intensifying conflict that plagued China during the Neolithic period." [1]

[1]: (Peers 2011, 373)


167 Tairona present Confident Expert -
They were used in 1530 CE: "After all, the new fields were planted, the bows, arrows and maces furnished, the poisoned darts produced and the warriors concentrated under a single head. The objectives of the Chief of Bonda were met, and he gained prestige within his ranks and the Spanish, accumulated corn and for the time being gained political dominance (Tovar 1993)." [1] The Bonda indians had bows, arrows, quivers and clubs: "Los indios de Bonda tenían arcos, flechas, carcajs y macanas (32, V, 35)" [2]

[1]: (Dever 2007, 200)

[2]: (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1951, 87)


168 Shuar - Colonial absent Confident Expert -
’Salinas says that the Mainas, eastern neighbors of the Jivaros, for their arms have darts, shields, throwing rods with spear throwers, and wooden clubs (macanas) made of palm wood. There has been no reference to the use of clubs by the Jivaros.’ [1] ’They do not have slings for the hurling of arrows. No slings at all. No clubs.’ [2]

[1]: Stirling, Matthew Williams. 1938. “Historical And Ethnographical Material On The Jivaro Indians.”, 78-79

[2]: Tessmann, Günter, b. 1884. 1930. “Indians Of Northeastern Peru.”, 355


169 Shuar - Ecuadorian absent Confident Expert -
Salinas says that the Mainas, eastern neighbors of the Shuar, for their arms have darts, shields, throwing rods with spear throwers, and wooden clubs (macanas) made of palm wood. There has been no reference to the use of clubs by the Shuar. [1] They do not have slings for the hurling of arrows. No slings at all. No clubs. [2]

[1]: Stirling, Matthew Williams. 1938. “Historical And Ethnographical Material On The Jivaro Indians.”, 78-79

[2]: Tessmann, Günter, b. 1884. 1930. “Indians Of Northeastern Peru.”, 355


170 Kamakura Shogunate present Confident Expert -
Kanabou (金棒) is noted as being a club weapon in use: ’Sort of iron club used by warriors in ancient times, and a favorite weapon of some monk-warriors (Heisou) in the Heian and Kamakura periods’ [1]

[1]: Louis Frederick, Japan Encyclopedia, translated by Kathe Roth, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 202, p. 466


171 Egypt - Dynasty I present Confident Expert -
"The principal weapons in the late Predynastic and Protodynastic Periods were undoubtedly the bow and arrow, spear, axe and mace. These are frequently shown in relief depictions of hunting and battle scenes (figure 18)." [1]

[1]: (Shaw 1991: 31) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.


172 Egypt - Dynasty II present Confident Expert -
"The principal weapons in the late Predynastic and Protodynastic Periods were undoubtedly the bow and arrow, spear, axe and mace. These are frequently shown in relief depictions of hunting and battle scenes (figure 18)." [1]

[1]: (Shaw 1991: 31) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.


173 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period absent Inferred Expert -
Academic histories of warfare and weaponry in Egypt stop mentioning axes and maces once they reach the New Kingdom, suggesting they fell out of fashion. Preiser-Kapeller (2015) suggests next data for war clubs for an Upper Egypt NGA polity may be East Roman Empire 395-631 CE. [1]

[1]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015, Personal Communication)


174 Egypt - Middle Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from use in previous periods, though no longer one of the main weapons: "the weaponry being used by the Egyptians and their opponents--a combination of bows and arrows, shields, spears and axes--remained virtually unchanged from the Sixth to Thirteenth Dynasties." [1]

[1]: (Shaw 1991: 37) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.


175 Naqada I present Confident Expert -
Tools or weapons discovered that cannot yet be adequately placed in either category include: bows, spears, lances, axes, boomerangs, staffs, clubs, slings, knives, adzes etc [1]

[1]: Gilbert, G. P. 2004. Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt. Archaeopress: Oxford. pg: 22-23, 70-71.


176 Buyid Confederation present Confident Expert -
"In the seventh century the Arab Caliphate overran the Sāssānian Empire and, as far as we can tell, no great changes took place in the Persian equipment then or for a long time afterwards." [1] Sassanids [2] and Abbasid Caliphate [3] had war clubs or maces.

[1]: (Robinson 1967) Robinson, H. Russell. 1967. Oriental Armour. Walker and Co. New York.

[2]: (Wilcox 1986, Plate E) Wilcox, P. 1986. Rome’s Enemies (3): Parthians and Sassanid Persians. Osprey Publishing.

[3]: (Kennedy 2001, 24) Kennedy, H. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs. Routledge. London.


177 Naqada II present Confident Expert -
[1] Mace was the dominant weapon of war between 4000-2500 BCE in Sumer and until the Hyksos invasions (1700 BCE) in Egypt. [2] "The principal weapons in the late Predynastic and Protodynastic Periods were undoubtedly the bow and arrow, spear, axe and mace. These are frequently shown in relief depictions of hunting and battle scenes (figure 18). Comparatively large numbers of maceheads have been excavated at late Predynastic and Protodynastic sites." [3]

[1]: Gilbert, G. P. 2004. Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt. BAR International Series 1208: Oxford. pg: 34-70, 166-183

[2]: (Gabriel 2002, 24-25) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.

[3]: (Shaw 1991: 31) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.


178 Egypt - Dynasty 0 present Confident Expert -
"The principal weapons in the late Predynastic and Protodynastic Periods were undoubtedly the bow and arrow, spear, axe and mace. These are frequently shown in relief depictions of hunting and battle scenes (figure 18). Comparatively large numbers of maceheads have been excavated at late Predynastic and Protodynastic sites." [1]

[1]: (Shaw 1991: 31) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.


179 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period present Inferred Expert -
Present but used less frequently. Preiser-Kapeller (2015) suggests next data for war clubs for an Upper Egypt NGA polity may be East Roman Empire 395-631 CE. [1]

[1]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015, Personal Communication)


180 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from use in previous periods, though no longer one of the main weapons: "the weaponry being used by the Egyptians and their opponents--a combination of bows and arrows, shields, spears and axes--remained virtually unchanged from the Sixth to Thirteenth Dynasties." [1] Confirmed for an earlier time period. [2] "slate palettes, knife handles, and maceheads." [3]

[1]: (Shaw 1991: 37) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.

[2]: Gilbert, G. P. 2004. Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt. BAR International Series 1208: Oxford. pg: 34-70, 166-183

[3]: (Hassan 1988, 173)


181 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from use in previous periods, though no longer one of the main weapons: "the weaponry being used by the Egyptians and their opponents--a combination of bows and arrows, shields, spears and axes--remained virtually unchanged from the Sixth to Thirteenth Dynasties." [1] Confirmed for an earlier time period. [2]

[1]: (Shaw 1991: 37) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.

[2]: Gilbert, G. P. 2004. Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Early Egypt. BAR International Series 1208: Oxford. pg: 34-70, 166-183


182 Egypt - Period of the Regions present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from use in previous periods, though no longer one of the main weapons: "the weaponry being used by the Egyptians and their opponents--a combination of bows and arrows, shields, spears and axes--remained virtually unchanged from the Sixth to Thirteenth Dynasties." [1]

[1]: (Shaw 1991: 37) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.


183 Egypt - Saite Period unknown Suspected Expert -
Present but used less frequently? Preiser-Kapeller (2015) suggests next data for war clubs for an Upper Egypt NGA polity may be East Roman Empire 395-631 CE. [1]

[1]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015, Personal Communication)


184 Xianbei Confederation present Confident Expert -
"Among their weapons we find the compound bow, bronze and bone arrowheads (their arrows also contained beads that gave them a whistling effect), broadswords, short swords, lances, and maces." [1]

[1]: (Golden 1992, 60)


185 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period present Inferred Expert -
Mace was the dominant weapon of war between 4000-2500 BCE in Sumer and until the Hyksos invasions (1700 BCE) in Egypt after which time Egyptians began to use the helmet. From 1700 BCE the kopesh, sickle-sword, rather than the mace, became the symbolic weapon of the Egyptian Pharoah. [1] Present but used less frequently?

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 24-25) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


186 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period present Inferred Expert -
Present for Abbasid Caliphate:"In defence the abna were trained to maintain ranks behind their long pikes and broadswords however hard the enemy pressed, and then to fight hand-to-hand with short-swords and daggers. I attack, a short spear or javelin seems to have replaced the pike, and a mace might also have been added. Although abna were often armoured, they would also fight without cuirass or even shield." [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 1982, 20) Nicolle, D. 1982. The Armies of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.


187 Spanish Empire I present Inferred Expert -
Did Spanish soldiers ever use New World weapons? Inferred use (even if rarely) against the Incas and Aztecs by Spanish soldiers. Used against the Spanish by the Aztecs: macana wooden clubs. [1]

[1]: (Pemberton 2011, preview) Pemberton, John. 2011. Conquistadors: Searching for El Dorado: The Terrifying Spanish Conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires. Canary Press eBooks Limited. https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/3SI549GS


188 Ak Koyunlu present Inferred Expert -
"The weapons used in the military forces of the Anatolian Principalities were bow and arrow, sword, shield, javelin, dagger, club, axe, catapult and arrade." [1] Ak Koyunlu armies had infantry and auxiliaries. [2] Islamic infantry of the period used maces and pole-arm weapons. [3]

[1]: (1994, 365) Ibrahim Kafesoglu. Ahmet Edip Uysal. Erdogan Mercil. Hidayet Yavuz Nuhoglu. 1994. A short history of Turkish-Islamic states (excluding the Ottoman state). Turkish Historical Society Printing House.

[2]: (Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation

[3]: (Jones ed. 2012, 92-93) Gareth Jones. ed. The Military History Book: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Weapons that Shaped the World. Dorling Kindersley Limited. London.


189 Chuuk - Early Truk present Confident Expert -
Islanders used slings, spears, and clubs: ’Within districts, conflict arose over land, succession to chiefship, theft, adultery, and avenging homicide. Between districts, it arose over attentions to local women by outside men, the status of one district as subordinate to another, and rights of access to fishing areas. Formal procedures for terminating conflict between districts involved payments of valuables and land by the loosing to the winning side. Fighting involved surprise raids and prearranged meetings on a field of battle. Principle weapons were slings, spears, and clubs. Firearms, introduced late in the nineteenth century, were confiscated by German authorities in 1903. Martial arts included an elaborate system of throws and holds by which an unarmed man could kill, maim or disarm an armed opponent.’ [1] ’Fighting skills in aboriginal times included knowledge of the manufacture as well [Page 54] as of the use of the various weapons: the club, spear, sling, knuckle-duster, and in more recent time the knife and rifle. Of great importance, too, was a knowledge of the various holds in a system of hand-to-hand encounter remotely reminiscent of Japanese jiujitsu. To acquire these skills required considerable practice. In aboriginal times the various lineages used to hold periodic month-long training course in their respective meeting houses. Although each political district fought engagements as a united military group, training was given independently by the various lineages. Those present were the men of the lineage, the husbands of its women, and the sons of its men, in conformance with the pattern of confining the transmission of knowledge to one’s children and one’s lineage mates. It is said that by no means everyone knew all of the various weapons nor all of the tricks of hand-to-hand fighting. Knowledge of the proper magic was required in the manufacture of the several weapons and also to increase the effectiveness of their use thereafter. It is not surprising, therefore, that fighting skills were treated in the same way as other types of incorporeal property.’ [2]

[1]: Goodenough, Ward H. and Skoggard, Ian: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Chuuk

[2]: Goodenough, Ward Hunt 1951. “Property, Kin, And Community On Truk”, 53


190 Chuuk - Late Truk present Confident Expert -
Islanders used slings, spears, and clubs: ’Within districts, conflict arose over land, succession to chiefship, theft, adultery, and avenging homicide. Between districts, it arose over attentions to local women by outside men, the status of one district as subordinate to another, and rights of access to fishing areas. Formal procedures for terminating conflict between districts involved payments of valuables and land by the loosing to the winning side. Fighting involved surprise raids and prearranged meetings on a field of battle. Principle weapons were slings, spears, and clubs. Firearms, introduced late in the nineteenth century, were confiscated by German authorities in 1903. Martial arts included an elaborate system of throws and holds by which an unarmed man could kill, maim or disarm an armed opponent.’ [1] ’Fighting skills in aboriginal times included knowledge of the manufacture as well [Page 54] as of the use of the various weapons: the club, spear, sling, knuckle-duster, and in more recent time the knife and rifle. Of great importance, too, was a knowledge of the various holds in a system of hand-to-hand encounter remotely reminiscent of Japanese jiujitsu. To acquire these skills required considerable practice. In aboriginal times the various lineages used to hold periodic month-long training course in their respective meeting houses. Although each political district fought engagements as a united military group, training was given independently by the various lineages. Those present were the men of the lineage, the husbands of its women, and the sons of its men, in conformance with the pattern of confining the transmission of knowledge to one’s children and one’s lineage mates. It is said that by no means everyone knew all of the various weapons nor all of the tricks of hand-to-hand fighting. Knowledge of the proper magic was required in the manufacture of the several weapons and also to increase the effectiveness of their use thereafter. It is not surprising, therefore, that fighting skills were treated in the same way as other types of incorporeal property.’ [2]

[1]: Goodenough, Ward H. and Skoggard, Ian: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Chuuk

[2]: Goodenough, Ward Hunt 1951. “Property, Kin, And Community On Truk”, 53


191 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon absent Inferred Expert -
Lances, swords, crossbowmen, longbows, pikemen were of central importance on the battlefield for at least 200 years after the first guns until the Battle of Carignola (1503 CE) which was probably decided by guns and Marignano (1515 CE) when Swiss squares were beaten by cavalry shooting pistols and cannon artillery. [1] The first Bourbon era 1589-1660 CE is firmly after the transition to firearm dominance so at this time the old weapons must have played only a minor role in warfare or had been completely abandoned.

[1]: (Nolan 2006, 367) Cathal J Nolan. 2006. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Volume 1 A - K. Greenwood Press. Westport.


192 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Parrott 2012, 62) David Parrott. Armed Forces. William Doyle. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


193 French Kingdom - Late Capetian present Confident Expert -
"Lesser weapons were also employed by knights after 1050. Special forms of ax, hammer (bec), mace, club, and flail were introduced in the 12th and 13th centuries to supplement the sword, but it was only after 1300 that these were both fully developed and commonly used." [1] Mace armed cavalry at Battle of Bouvines. [2] Maces used by infantry in 13th century. [3]

[1]: (Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.

[2]: (Nicolle 1991, 10)

[3]: (Nicolle 1991, 12)


194 Carolingian Empire II absent Inferred Expert -
Wooden staffs were banned and bows were encouraged instead. [1]

[1]: (Hooper and Bennett 1996, 14) Nicholas Hooper. Matthew Bennett. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768-1487. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.


195 Early Merovingian unknown Suspected Expert -
Not discussed in consulted literature RA.
196 La Tene A-B1 present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities.
197 La Tene C2-D present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities.
198 French Kingdom - Early Valois present Confident Expert -
"Lesser weapons were also employed by knights after 1050. Special forms of ax, hammer (bec), mace, club, and flail were introduced in the 12th and 13th centuries to supplement the sword, but it was only after 1300 that these were both fully developed and commonly used." [1] Mace armed cavalry at Battle of Bouvines. [2] Maces used by infantry in 13th century. [3] Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453 CE) reference: mace. [4]

[1]: (Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.

[2]: (Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)

[3]: (Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 12)

[4]: (Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.


199 The Emirate of Crete present Confident Expert -
[1] [2]

[1]: Κόλλιας, Τ., Τεχνολογία και Πόλεμος στο Βυζάντιο, 2005

[2]: Mc Geer, E., Sowing the Dragons Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century, Washington D.C., 1995.


200 Hawaii I unknown Suspected Expert -
Presumably they had these, as they were appeared at European contact, but direct evidence is needed. pg 515. [1]

[1]: Jolb, Michael, J. and Dixon, Boyd 2002. Landscape of war: Rules and conventions of conflict in ancient Hawai’i (and elsewhere). American Antiquity, 67, 514-534.


201 Hawaii II unknown Suspected Expert -
Presumably they had these, as they were appeared at European contact, but direct evidence is needed. pg 515. [1]

[1]: Jolb, Michael, J. and Dixon, Boyd 2002. Landscape of war: Rules and conventions of conflict in ancient Hawai’i (and elsewhere). American Antiquity, 67, 514-534.


202 Iban - Pre-Brooke unknown Suspected Expert -
No references in the literature. RA.
203 Gupta Empire present Inferred Expert -
"The Guptas imitated the dress, equipment and the techniques of warfare as practised by the Central Asian nomads." [1]

[1]: (Roy 2016, 22) Kaushik Roy. 2016. Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. Abingdon.


204 Kalingga Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
Dewawarman I may have founded Salakanagara in west West Java 130 CE. He followed Aji Saka who may have introduced ’Buddhism, letters, calendar, etc.’) into Central and East Java 78 CE. [1] Indian military terms surviving in Javanese: "war, weapon, sword, lance, armour, shield, helmet, banner, battle, siege, fortress, soldier, officer, enemy, spy, etc." [2] The ruling class were Hindu Indians and their contemporaries in the Indian Chalukyan Kingdom had "swords, shields, spears, clubs, lances, bows and arrows etc." [3]

[1]: (Iguchi 2015) Masatoshi Iguchi. 2015. Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country. Troubador Publishing Ltd.

[2]: (Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.

[3]: (Sreenivasa Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1975, 93) H V Sreenivasa Murthy and R Ramakrishnan. 1975. A History of Karnataka. Vivek Prakashan.


205 Kampili Kingdom present Confident Expert -
"There was no significant change in the weaponry of the Indian army from ancient to classical times; in fact, according to Kosambi, there was a decline in the standard of arms. Indian soldiers were mostly very poorly equipped, noted Marco Polo." [1] Present during the preceding Hoysala period: "The Hoysala Army could be taken as a microcosm of the force structure of the Hindu polities in Deccan and South India. The infantry carried bamboo bows, swords, spears and shields." [2]

[1]: (Eraly 2011, 169) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

[2]: (Roy 2015, 98) Kaushik Roy. 2015. Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500 BCE to 1740 CE. Routledge. London.


206 Kediri Kingdom present Confident Expert -
Coded present based on this reference. [1] Old Mataram was a ’highly Indianized culture’ until it was replaced by an East Javanese one "that increasingly promoted various elements of the island’s older indigenous traditions." [2] The switch-over did not occur until the end of the Kediri Kingdom: it was the Singhasari Kingdom that witnessed ’the decline of Hindu culture and civilisation in Java and the succession of Javanese culture.’ [3] Temple reliefs from earlier periods contain murals showing clubs, swords, bows and arrows, spears, shields, armour, knives, halberds. [4] Indian military terms surviving in Javanese: "war, weapon, sword, lance, armour, shield, helmet, banner, battle, siege, fortress, soldier, officer, enemy, spy, etc." [5]

[1]: (Sedwayati in Ooi 2004 (b), 707)

[2]: (Unesco 2005, 233) Unesco. 2005. The Restoration of Borobudur. Unesco.

[3]: (Rao 2005, 213) B V Rao. 2005. History of Asia. Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd. New Dawn Press, Inc. Elgin.

[4]: (Draeger 1972, 23, 27) D F Draeger. 1972. Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia. Tuttle Publishing.

[5]: (Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.


207 Majapahit Kingdom present Confident Expert -
"Weapons, notably axes, clubs, swords, and daggers, seem to have been Indian, though the curved swords are of a later type than those on the Central Javanese reliefs. The reappearance of the spear in these reliefs, while the use of the bow is confined to human heroes, suggests an increasing pressure to resume use of local types of weapons." [1]

[1]: (Powell 2002, 325) John Powell. 2002. Weapons & Warfare: Ancient and medieval weapons and warfare (to 1500). Salem Press.


208 Medang Kingdom present Confident Expert -
Borobudur and Prambanan temples contain murals showing the weaponry of early times - swords, bows and arrows, spears, shields, armour, clubs, knives, halberds. The Plaosan temple group 3 miles from Prambanan depicts stone carved gate guards armed with clubs and swords. [1] Old Mataram was a ’highly Indianized culture’ until it was replaced by an East Javanese one "that increasingly promoted various elements of the island’s older indigenous traditions." [2]

[1]: (Draeger 1972, 23, 27)

[2]: (Unesco 2005, 233) Unesco. 2005. The Restoration of Borobudur. Unesco.


209 Kingdom of Ayodhya present Inferred Expert -
Club represented on Indo-Scythian coins. [1]

[1]: (Egerton 2002, 12) Wilbraham Egerton. 2002 (1880). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola.


210 Chalukyas of Badami present Confident Expert -
"among the weapons of warfare are mentioned swords, shields, spears, clubs, lances, bows and arrows etc." [1] .

[1]: H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 75


211 Chalukyas of Kalyani present Inferred Expert -
"There was no significant change in the weaponry of the Indian army from ancient to classical times; in fact, according to Kosambi, there was a decline in the standard of arms. Indian soldiers were mostly very poorly equipped, noted Marco Polo." [1]

[1]: (Eraly 2011, 169) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.


212 Deccan - Iron Age present Inferred Expert -
According to a military historian the Maurayan heavy infantry is known to have used iron weapons including maces, dagger-axes, battle-axes and a slashing sword [1] - do Maurayan specialists agree? The Indus Civilization used the mace. [2]

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 219) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.

[2]: (Singh 1997, 89) Sarva Daman Singh. 1997 (1965). Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. Delhi.


213 Delhi Sultanate present Confident Expert -
According to Hasan Nizami’s Taj-ul-Maathir (13th CE) Muslim cavaliers also "used iron maces, battleaxes, daggers, and javelins" whereas the Hindu Rajputs had only spear or lance. [1]

[1]: (? 2013, 162-163) ?. Sirhindi, Abdullah. Daniel Coetzee. Lee W Eysturlid. eds. 2013. Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History’s Greatest Military Thinkers. The Ancient to Pre-Modern World, 3000 BCE - 1815 CE. Praeger. Santa Barbara.


214 Neolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected Expert -
Not mentioned by sources in lists of artefacts found at sites in the region dating to this time.
215 Gahadavala Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
"The period between the post-Gupta era and the Islamic invasions is generally regarded as a sort of ’quasi Dark Age’ in India ... military historian U. P. Thapliyal asserts that after CE 500, there were no innovations in the theory and practice of warfare." [1] This is a post-Gupta era polity so if the Guptas used the war club and there was no major shift in weaponry until the Islamic invasion then the war club was probably still in use at this time.

[1]: (Roy 2013, 27) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/X24V7ZAD.


216 Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
"The period between the post-Gupta era and the Islamic invasions is generally regarded as a sort of ’quasi Dark Age’ in India ... military historian U. P. Thapliyal asserts that after CE 500, there were no innovations in the theory and practice of warfare." [1] This is a post-Gupta era polity so if the Guptas used the war club and there was no major shift in weaponry until the Islamic invasion then the war club was probably still in use at this time.

[1]: (Roy 2013, 27) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/X24V7ZAD.


217 Hoysala Kingdom present Confident Expert -
"The weapons carried by soldiers can also be discerned in [Hoysala temple] reliefs, including lances, swords, maces and shields." [1] Skanda, the ’war general of gods’, "is sometimes depicted with many weapons including: a sword, a javelin, a mace, a discus and a bow although more usually he is depicted wielding a sakti or spear." [2] Hoysala infantry had maces. [3]

[1]: (Sardar 2007, p. 32

[2]: (Chugh 2016) Lalit Chugh. 2016. Karnataka’s Rich Heritage. Art and Architecture. From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period. Notion Press. Chennai.

[3]: (Roy 2013) Kaushik Roy. 2013 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. London.


218 Kadamba Empire present Inferred Expert -
"There was no significant change in the weaponry of the Indian army from ancient to classical times; in fact, according to Kosambi, there was a decline in the standard of arms. Indian soldiers were mostly very poorly equipped, noted Marco Polo." [1]

[1]: (Eraly 2011, 169) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.


219 Parthian Empire II present Confident Expert -
Secondary weapons of the heavy cavalryman "included a long sword, axe, mace and dagger." [1]

[1]: (Penrose 2008, 224) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.


220 Kannauj - Varman Dynasty present Confident Expert -
Staves: "In the Uttararama-carita a great contingent of soldiers armed with corslets, staves and quivers..." [1] Clay plaques from Paharpur (c8th CE) show male and female infantry armed with a club. [1]

[1]: (Mishra 1977, 146) Shyam Manohar Mishra. 1977. Yaśovarman of Kanauj: A Study of Political History, Social, and Cultural Life of Northern India During the Reign of Yaśovarman. Abhinav Publications.


221 Magadha present Inferred Expert -
"The period between the post-Gupta era and the Islamic invasions is generally regarded as a sort of ’quasi Dark Age’ in India ... military historian U. P. Thapliyal asserts that after CE 500, there were no innovations in the theory and practice of warfare." [1] This is a post-Gupta era polity so if the Guptas used the war club and there was no major shift in weaponry until the Islamic invasion then the war club was probably still in use at this time.

[1]: (Roy 2013, 27) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/X24V7ZAD.


222 Mughal Empire present Confident Expert -
"More specialized troops like the shamsherbaz, or “gladiators,” however, wielded a variety of exotic weapons like two-handed swords, halberds and massive war clubs." [1]

[1]: (De la Garza 2010, p. 113)


223 Rashtrakuta Empire present Inferred Expert -
The Agni-purana (composed perhaps 600-1000 CE?) mentions weapons training with the sword, club and lasso. [1] Potent force by the fourth century BCE. [2] "There was no significant change in the weaponry of the Indian army from ancient to classical times; in fact, according to Kosambi, there was a decline in the standard of arms. Indian soldiers were mostly very poorly equipped, noted Marco Polo." [3]

[1]: (Eraly 2011, 167) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

[2]: (Eraly 2011, 165) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

[3]: (Eraly 2011, 169) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.


224 Satavahana Empire present Inferred Expert -
A military historian states the Maurayan heavy infantry is known to have used iron weapons including maces, dagger-axes, battle-axes and a slashing sword [1] - do Mauryan specialists agree?

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 219) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.


225 Magadha - Sunga Empire present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from use in Mauryan Empire. The Sunga Dynasty was in effect the continuation of the Mauryan Empire as it was established in a coup by the Mauryan general Pushyamitra Sunga (Roy 2015, 19). [1] According to one military historian (this data needs to be confirmed by a polity specialist) the Mauryan army used the club and mace. [2]

[1]: (Roy 2015: 19) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/35K9MMUW.

[2]: (Gabriel 2002, 212) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies Of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


226 Vakataka Kingdom present Confident Expert -
"There was no significant change in the weaponry of the Indian army from ancient to classical times; in fact, according to Kosambi, there was a decline in the standard of arms. Indian soldiers were mostly very poorly equipped, noted Marco Polo." [1]

[1]: (Eraly 2011, 169) Abraham Eraly. 2011. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.


227 Abbasid Caliphate II present Confident Expert -
"In the seventh century the Arab Caliphate overran the Sāssānian Empire and, as far as we can tell, no great changes took place in the Persian equipment then or for a long time afterwards." [1] Earlier Abbasids had the mace. [2]

[1]: (Robinson 1967) Robinson, H. Russell. 1967. Oriental Armour. Walker and Co. New York.

[2]: (Nicolle and Hook 1998) Nicolle D, Hook A. 1998. Armies of the Caliphates 862-1098. Osprey Publishing.


228 Epiclassic Basin of Mexico present Confident Expert -
"Most soldiers lacked body armor and helmets, probably only carrying shields for defense, especially by slingers and clubmen." [1]

[1]: (Hassig 1992: 82) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG.


229 Akkadian Empire present Confident Expert -
"It was not until iron came into widespread use in the early first millennium that swords in particular and iron weapons in general began to replace the more expensive bronze spears, arrowheads, axes, and daggers of earlier times." [1] Present. [2] Maceheads [3]

[1]: (McIntosh 2005: 190) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.

[2]: Hamblin 2006, 88

[3]: Hamblin 2006, 74


230 Early Dynastic present Inferred Expert -
"It was not until iron came into widespread use in the early first millennium that swords in particular and iron weapons in general began to replace the more expensive bronze spears, arrowheads, axes, and daggers of earlier times." [1] maceheads [2]

[1]: (McIntosh 2005: 190) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.

[2]: Postgate 2007, 30-31


231 Neo-Assyrian Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
Gabriel says the mace was the dominant weapon of war from 4000 BCE but had disappeared from Sumerian illustrations before 2500 BCE, a time when the helmet appears. [1] Almost certainly the technology was still present but the weapon may have been used less frequently. Coded present for Ur III, Akkad and Middle Elam and could possibly be ’inferred present’ at this time.

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 24) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


232 Ubaid absent Inferred Expert -
"We have no evidence for warfare. In contrast with later periods, ’Ubaid seals show no depictions of weapons, prisoners, or combat scenes". [1] There were discovered some mace-heads and stone axes, but their function is not clear. They could have been used either as a prestige object or symbol of power or as a weapon. There are found both in domestic and ceremonial contexts (temples - e. g. in Telul eth Thalathat. [2] [3]

[1]: (Stein 1994: 39) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/V94SXJRJ.

[2]: Sievertsen 2010, 206

[3]: Carter and Phillip 2010, 25


233 Ur - Dynasty III present Confident Expert -
Present. [1] Present. [2] What explanation accompanied these suggestions of present? Gabriel says the mace was the dominant weapon of war from 4000 BCE but had disappeared from Sumerian illustrations before 2500 BCE, a time when the helmet appears. [3]

[1]: Rutkowski 2007, 24

[2]: Lafont 2009, 15

[3]: (Gabriel 2002, 24) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


234 Uruk present Confident Expert -
"The Priest-king, armed variously with spear, mace, and bow, is thus shown in a whole sequence of martial activities". [1]

[1]: (Hamblin 2006: 39) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4WM3RBTD.


235 Achaemenid Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
According to one military historian (data needs to be checked by an expert for this polity) the mace was the dominant weapon of war from 4000 BCE but had disappeared from Sumerian illustrations before 2500 BCE, a time when the helmet appears. [1] Almost certainly the technology was still present but the weapon may have been used less frequently. Coded present for Ur III, Akkad and Middle Elam and could possibly be ’inferred present’ at this time.

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 24) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


236 Elam - Crisis Period present Confident Expert -
‘Major categories are pear-shaped stone maceheads, copper/bronze spiked and star maces, shortswords, knives/daggers with upturned ends, iron socketed spears, and arrowheads’ [1]

[1]: Michael D. Danti, ‘The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 359


237 Elymais II present Inferred Expert -
Present for Parthian heavy cavalry. Did Elymaens have their own cavalry? The Seleucid Greeks maintained some cavalry troops. [1]

[1]: Aperghis, G. G. 2004. The Seleukid Royal Economy: The Finances and Financial Administration of the Seleukid Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p194


238 Susiana - Late Ubaid unknown Suspected Expert -
Mace was the dominant weapon of war between 4000-2500 BCE before the helmet was invented. [1]

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 24) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


239 Susiana - Early Ubaid unknown Suspected Expert -
Mace was the dominant weapon of war between 4000-2500 BCE before the helmet was invented. [1]

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 24) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


240 Elam - Kidinuid Period unknown Suspected Expert -
Gabriel says the mace was the dominant weapon of war from 4000 BCE but had disappeared from Sumerian illustrations before 2500 BCE, a time when the helmet appears. [1] Almost certainly the technology was still present but the weapon may have been used less frequently. Coded present for Ur III and Akkad and could possibly be ’inferred present’ at this time.

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 24) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


241 Elam - Igihalkid Period present Inferred Expert -
The Elamite ruler, "Igi-halki is mentioned as Attar-kittah’s father on two inscribed maceheads from Choga Zanbil." [1] Gabriel says the mace was the dominant weapon of war from 4000 BCE but had disappeared from Sumerian illustrations before 2500 BCE, a time when the helmet appears. [2] Almost certainly the technology was still present but the weapon may have been used less frequently. Coded present for Ur III and Akkad and could possibly be ’inferred present’ at this time.

[1]: (Potts1999: 207) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WDUEEBGQ/q/Potts.

[2]: (Gabriel 2002, 24) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


242 Elam - Shutrukid Period present Inferred Expert