The Late Shang Dynasty (1250-1045 BCE) was an extension of the Erligang culture based in Yinxu, near modern Anyang. The Late Shang were the last 12 kings of the dynasty, beginning with Pan Geng. Unlike in Erligang settlements, pottery, oracle bones and other artefacts showing a fully formed writing system have been found at Late Shang sites. This system included ’pictograms, ideograms, and phonograms’.
[1]
The oldest written records uncovered from Shang contexts date back to 1200 BCE.
[1]
The civilization at Yinxu is considered to represent the golden age of the Shang Dynasty
[2]
and 11 major royal tombs have been uncovered there by archaeologists.
[2]
Pottery and bronze and jade work flourished in the Late Shang period.
[3]
The Late Shang also had a developed calendar system with 30 days in a month and 12 months (360 days) in a year.
[4]
Population and political organization
The Late Shang were based on the North China Plain. The dynasty’s territory stretched north to modern Shandong, south to Hebei, and west to Henan.
[5]
The Shang government was a feudal system in which the king and a class of military nobility ruled over the masses, who were mainly farmers.
[6]
Shang kings also served as high priests.
[7]
The Late Shang were in constant conflict with surrounding settlements and with civilizations from the steppe.
[8]
The population of the Late Shang Dynasty was around 5 million in 1045 BCE.
[9]
The population of the Yinxu settlement in Anyang is unknown.
[1]: (San 2014, 19) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F.
[2]: (San 2014, 17) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F.
[3]: (San 2014, 20) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F.
[4]: (Encyclopedia Britannica 2017) “Shang Dynasty.” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shang-dynasty Accessed May 29, 2017. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/8GNFD4WH.
[5]: (San 2014, 16) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F.
[6]: (San 2014, 16, 21) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F.
[7]: (San 2014, 16) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F)
[8]: (San 2014, 21) San, Tan Koon. 2014. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Malaysia: The Other Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TB95WB7F.
[9]: (McEvedy and Jones 1978, 170-72) McEvedy, Colin, and Richard Jones. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6U4QZXCG/q/atlas%20of%20world%20population.
| vassalage to [---] |
| China |
| Western Zhou |
| 1,000,000 km2 |
| continuity |
| UNCLEAR: [continuity] | |
| Succeeding: Western Zhou (cn_western_zhou_dyn) [elite replacement] |
| unitary state |
| inferred present |
| absent |
| absent |
| present |
| absent |
| present |
| unknown |
| present |
| present |
| inferred present |
| absent |
| absent |
| absent |
| inferred present |
| inferred present |
| inferred present |
| absent |
| absent |
| inferred absent |
| present |
| absent |
| inferred present |
| present |
| inferred absent |
| inferred absent |
| inferred absent |
| inferred present |
| inferred absent |
| present |
| inferred absent |
| inferred absent |
| Year Range | Late Shang (cn_late_shang_dyn) was in: |
|---|---|
| (1250 BCE 1046 BCE) | Middle Yellow River Valley |
Note: Yin = Anyang. "While the king lived in and ruled from a capital city, it wasn’t always the same city. Although historical records mention many different Shang capitals, only a few have actually been confirmed with archaeological evidence. No one knows exactly why a king would move the capital but some scholar think it had to do with internal power struggles within the royal family." [1] The first, Cheng Tang’s capital, was at Shang (today near Zhengzhou). [1] The last was at Yin (today near Anyang). [1] Yin, also known as enclave at Xiaotun. This was a ceremonial and administrative centre [2] and was occupied by last 11 Kings [3] - or could be 12 kings; last king did not have burial pit. [4] - from about c1400 BCE. [5] The ancestral capital, as compared to the political capital above, never moved. [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
[2]: (Roberts 2003)
[3]: (Gernet 1996)
[4]: (Cotterell 1995, 24)
[5]: (Cotterell 1995, 15)
Note: Yin = Anyang. "While the king lived in and ruled from a capital city, it wasn’t always the same city. Although historical records mention many different Shang capitals, only a few have actually been confirmed with archaeological evidence. No one knows exactly why a king would move the capital but some scholar think it had to do with internal power struggles within the royal family." [1] The first, Cheng Tang’s capital, was at Shang (today near Zhengzhou). [1] The last was at Yin (today near Anyang). [1] Yin, also known as enclave at Xiaotun. This was a ceremonial and administrative centre [2] and was occupied by last 11 Kings [3] - or could be 12 kings; last king did not have burial pit. [4] - from about c1400 BCE. [5] The ancestral capital, as compared to the political capital above, never moved. [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
[2]: (Roberts 2003)
[3]: (Gernet 1996)
[4]: (Cotterell 1995, 24)
[5]: (Cotterell 1995, 15)
According to Chinese historians, last King very corrupt, decadent. Empire extent had by this time reduced from its maximum 1200 BCE. It is unclear, though, if the polity extent actually shrank between Wu Ding and the last Kings, Di Yi and Di Xin, or if the reports of later historians are exaggerated for political effect.
Central plain "Longshan" culture c2000 BCE. Defeated Xia Kingdom c1766 BCE.
[1]
31 Shang Emperors c1554-1045 BCE.
[2]
1200-1040 BCE period best covered.
[1]
Shang periodization
[3]
Zhengzhou phase 1600-1400 BCE
Erligang culture 1500-1300 BCE
Anyang phase 1300-1100 BCE
Yinxu culture 1200-1050 BCE
[1]: (Roberts 2003)
[2]: (Hook 1991, 142)
[3]: (Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf
km squared.
rough area of quasi-polity territory
"Historical tradition tells us that about 1500, a group from the Eastern region of the Yellow River Valley conquered the Xia and established China’s second dynasty, the Shang". [1]
[1]: (Eno 2008) Eno, Robert. Spring 2008. EALC E232. Indiana University
"The Shang Dynasty was a monarchy governed by a series of kings, 29 or 30 in total, over the course of almost 600 years. The king was served by officials who held specialized positions of authority and function; and the officials belonged to a hereditary class of aristocrats, usually related to the king himself."
[1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
people.
Old capital at Zhengzhou, Ao. Aristocratic stronghold. Extended 7000 meters, enclosed 3.2 km.
[1]
If population density 350 per urban hectare
[2]
and there’s 11.2 hectares, about 4000.
Perimeter walls of the capital Anyang just 800 yards.
[3]
[1]: (Cotterell 1995, 15)
[3]: (Armstrong 2006, 27)
KM.
850,000: 1250 BCE; 1,000,600: 1200 BCE; 1,160,000: 1150 BCE; 1,050,000: 1100 BCE; 55,000: 1050 BCE
[1]
Maximum extent reached no further than northern Henan, south-eastern Shanxi provinces of modern China.
[2]
Core in Henan province "in a triangular area between the cities of Anyang, Luoyang, and Zhengzhou, the latter two which are on the Yellow River."
[3]
[1]: (Chase-Dunn Spreadsheet)
[2]: (Keay 2009, 48)
[3]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
People. 5,000,000: 1045 BCE.
[1]
3000 BCE about a million either side of lower Huang Ho (Longshan culture), plus 1 million food-gatherers elsewhere. In Shang period agricultural area extended 1 million KM, population had become 5 million people (6m total in China).
[2]
[1]: (Liu 2005: 240) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Q77FKW2H?.
[2]: (McEvedy and Jones 1978, 170-172)
1. Royal capital.2. Aristocratic strongholds.3. Village
"The Shang worshipped the "Shang Di," who was the supreme god that ruled over the lesser gods of the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, and other natural forces and places. They also worshipped their ancestors because they believed that although their ancestors lived in heaven after their death, they were still actively involved in the affairs of family and descendants."
[1]
1.King.2. Chief diviners.3. Lesser diviners (e.g. scribes).
Theocracy. King considered god called Di’s representative on earth. His responsibility was to ensure harmony between the "cosmic cycle of the seasons and the agricultural cycle of humanity."
Ritual functions included fixing the timetable for farming activities through divination. To help him he had colleges of soothsayers and scribes who carried out royal divination activities. Scapulimancy and plastromancy were practised.
Sacrifices were made to dead kings (ancestral worship cult) who were thought to be able to communicate with Di.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[3]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
[2]: (Gernet 1996,47)
[3]: (Kerr 2013, 21)
[4]: (Gernet 1996, 47)
[5]: (Hook 1991, 143)
[6]: (Roberts 2003)
[7]: (Fussati 1982, 19)
"Chariots allowed commanders to supervise their troops efficiently and across great distances."
[1]
1. King2. General inferred level3. Commander inferred level4. Officer inferred level5. Individual soldier
Chariot and infantry corps.
[2]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
[2]: (Roberts 2003, 10)
"The Shang political system was organized into a hierarchy, meaning that it had many levels of rank and many specialized functions and jobs, all passed down within a noble family."
[1]
The state had to "organize the mining of large quantities of ore for bronzework; wage military campaigns; construct city walls and palaces; or build elaborate tombs for themselves."
[1]
1. King
_Central government_
2. Highest official in the administration3. Official who over-saw mining activities and possibly also bronze workshops
3. Official for transport"As early as the Shang period, roads were controlled by a special official"
[2]
4. Bronze workshop manager inferred level"Casting large objects was not easy; it required large crucibles and efficient furnaces. Casting some of the largest objects required coordinated melting in many crucibles similar to a modern factory."
[3]
4. Mine manager inferred level5. Bronze worker inferred level
_Provincial government_
2. Aristocratic leaders (local elite families).
Feudal state. Familial kingship: Elder brother - Younger brother, Father - Son. King ruled core lands.
King appointed officials. Government secretariate: Great Minister and Councillors. High officials to run palace affairs and feasts (included religious chroniclers and ceremonial specialists). Military officials.
Shang territory was not contiguous. Authority over outer regions closest to Anyang was delegated to aristocratic leaders who usually were linked to royal family through kinship ties. They supplied king manpower for military, tribute, workers for construction projects. Beyond aristocratic rulers were friendly tribal chieftains.
[4]
[5]
Administration is used in a very loose sense, recognizing that officials, including local elite families (’local elite’ probably more accurate than ’aristocratic’) as well as members of the King’s retinue in Anyang seem to have acted largely independently, contributing to the King’s projects (including military campaigns, building, and religious activities) in order to participate in and to benefit from association with Anyang, rather than as dependents or non-elite officials directly controlled by the Kings.
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
[2]: (Lindqvist 2009) Lindqvist, Cecilia. 2009. China: Empire of Living Symbols. Da Capo Press.
[3]: (Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf
[4]: (Roberts 2003)
[5]: (Keay 2009)
Garrisons in earlier period, and under the subsequent Zhou.
"The king or professional diviners hired by the king used oracle bones to make predictions about the future or to answer questions..." [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
"Chariots allowed commanders to supervise their troops efficiently and across great distances." [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
Government archive building for records. [1] "The king was served by officials who held specialized positions of authority and function" [2]
[1]: (Keay 2009: 49) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z4ACHZRD?.
[2]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
"The officials belonged to a hereditary class of aristocrats, usually related to the king himself." [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
King appointed a government
[1]
and recorded official transactions.
[2]
"The king was served by officials who held specialized positions of authority and function; and the officials belonged to a hereditary class of aristocrats, usually related to the king himself."
[3]
[1]: (Roberts 2003)
[2]: (Keay 2009, 49)
[3]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
The fact that there were no full-time, professional judges is suggested by the following: "In addition to the legislative power, the monarchs in ancient times were also endowed with the supreme judicial power." This is shown by readings of oracle bone text.
[1]
inferred present: precursor to Zhou development?
"With the development of the state machine of the Zhou dynasty, under the leadership of the monarch, the central judicial organizations headed by "Si Kou" (the minister of justice) and "Shi Shi" (the official in charge of criminal affairs) were established, and the local judicial organizations, named "Xiang Shi", "Sui Shi", "Xian Shi", "Fang Shi", and "Ya Shi", had also been set up to deal with the judicial affairs."
[1]
[1]: (Zhang 2014, 155) Zhang, Jinfan. 2014. The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law. Springer Science & Business Media.
Judging from the following quotes, it would seem that, prior to the Zhou, there was no difference between the law and the king’s will.
"In terms of legal systems, its implement and practical application in the dynasties of Xia, Shang and Zhou had all centered on the will of the monarchs. As a result, the law was overtopped by the imperial power, and both law and punishment were made by the rulers. For example, the law of the Xia Dynasty was generously referred to as Yu Xing (The Penal Code of Yu), which was named after the emperor.""The law of Shang Dynasty was generously named "Tang Xing" (The Penal Code of Tang)."
[1]
"The law of Shang Dynasty was generously named "Tang Xing" (The Penal Code of Tang)."
[1]
"All the national activities, such as punitive expeditions, sacrifices, etc., were named "Wang Shi" (the king’s affairs) to suggest that the king was the state, and that the king and the state were an organic whole. In the oracle inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty on tortoise shells or animal bones, the words like "Wang Ming" (the king’s commands), "Wang Ling" (the king’s orders), and "Wang Hu" (the king’s words) can be found repeatedly, which had indicated that the national affairs were conducted according to the orders of king who not only had the supreme administrative and military power, but the supreme legislative and judicial power."
[2]
"The evolution of China’s customary law into codified law occurred during the Warring States Period (770 BCE to 256 BCE). During that period successive warlords would each codify and publish their own sets of laws according to the needs of society."
[3]
-- this variable requires that the law be written down. Customary law can be written down.
[1]: (Zhang 2014, 154) Zhang, Jinfan. 2014. The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law. Springer Science & Business Media.
[2]: (Zhang 2014, 153) Zhang, Jinfan. 2014. The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law. Springer Science & Business Media.
[3]: (Liang 2010, XI) Liang, Huixing. 2010. The Draft Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China: English Translation (Prepared by the Legislative Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
During the Shang: "Progress in hydraulic technology allowed the creation of great systems of irrigation, increasing the productivity of cultures along the Yellow river." [1]
[1]: (Lemoy 2011, 72) Lemoy, Christian. 2011. Across the Pacific: From Ancient Asia to Precolombian America. Universal Publishers. Florida.
"An enormous mine (2 square kilometers) with smelting facilities roughly 3,000 years old was discovered on Mt. Verdigris [42]." [1]
[1]: (Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf
"Shang documents were originally recorded on strips of bamboo and silk that have long since decomposed". [1] Written records are preserved instead on non-perishable mediums. Most of what is known of Shang written on 107,000 "oracle" bones. [2] [3]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
[2]: (Roberts 2003, 7)
[3]: (Kerr 2013, 20)
Oral histories, pictures, symbolic sculptures and monuments etc.
Unknown. The Shang wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk. [1] Astronomers identified Mars and some comets. [2] If these facts were written down with information on how other people could identify these astronomical bodies, this would constitute scientific literature.
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
[2]: (Kerr 2013, 20)
Unknown. The Shang had tablets [1] so it is not impossible a sacred text was written on a tablet. They also wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk. [1] We could infer the basic tenets of their religious beliefs concerning the Shang Di were written down.
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
Unknown. The Shang wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk. [1] We know "The kings communicated with their ancestors using oracle bones and made frequent sacrifices to them." [1] We could infer the method of interpreting the cracks in oracle bones would have been written down and even discussed.
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
Unknown. The Shang wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk. [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
Unknown. The Shang wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk. [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
The Shang had tablets [1] to write on so their bureaucracy would very likely compiled lists, such as for resources to acquire. They also wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk. [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
Unknown. The Shang wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk. [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
Unknown. The Shang wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk. [1]
[1]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
Accurate calendar. [1] 10-day week. [2] "“The day xin-hai” refers to the sixty day calendar cycle of the Shang (the same system which today gives us the Year of the Dragon, Horse..." [3] This would likely have existed in some form of document.
[1]: (Cotterell 1995, 15)
[2]: (Hook 1991, 143)
[3]: (Eno 2008) Eno, Robert. Spring 2008. EALC E232. Indiana University"
Little literacy so there would have been nobody to use a general postal service, if such had existed.
It is likely that the political core communicated to the elites in the regions using messengers.
"Late Paleolithic Chinese roamed the grasslands of the great Northern Plain, gathering wild varieties of millet. Around 7000-6000 B.C.E. they began creating a village culture along the Yellow River, elevating their villages above the floodplain, often enclosing them with ditches or wooden palisades." [1] Archaeological evidence is not mentioned and may not exist. This may be reasonable speculation. By the time of the Shang period lesser settlements may have been palisaded.
[1]: (Adler and Pouwels 2018, 54-55) Philip J Adler. Randall L Pouwels. 2018. World Civilizations. Eighth Edition. Cengage Learning. Boston.
Walls were constructed using earth.
Gunpowder not present so walls at this time were not designed to defend against gunpowder siege artillery.
Zhengzhou had an inner and outer wall, still present in Late Shang. [1]
[1]: (Liu and Chen 2012: 359: 384) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY?.
"bronze was first exploited for making weapons. Bronze spears, swords, daggers and halberds". [1]
[1]: (Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf
Certainly known from the following Zhou period, when: "The conscripted foot soldiers wore sheepskin jackets and used slings and bows with bronze-tipped arrows." [1]
[1]: (Meyer 1994, 132) Milton Walter Meyer. 1994. China: A Concise History. Second Edition, Revised. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Lanham.
Inferred from presence of self bows from previous and subsequent polities in Middle Yellow River Valley.
The "spear appears to have remained relatively uncommon prior to the late Shang." [1] Spears, according to account of battle with Zhou. [2] Bronze spears. [3] Were these thrown or hand-held spears? Or both?
[1]: Sawyer, R. 2011. Ancient Chinese Warfare. Basic Books.
[2]: (Cotterell 1995, 28)
[3]: (Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf
Gunpowder not invented for another couple of thousand years.
Composite retroflex bow. [1] "the typical Chinese composite bow... was already in use under the Shang". [2] Used the compound bow. [3]
[1]: (Gernet 1996, 44)
[2]: Sawyer, R. 2011. Ancient Chinese Warfare. Basic Books.
[3]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
Present for Erlitou, unknown for Erligang (the period that precedes the Shang).
present: jade ware found at Sanxingdui includes swords. [1] Bronze swords. [1] present: Sword found at Dayangzhou, Xin’gan, Erligang Culture, possibly Huan-bei period. [2] Coding present on basis the "present" reference is more recent and that the technology would not have been lost between the Erligang and the later Shang.
[1]: (Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf
[2]: (Thorp 2013, 110) Thorp, Robert L. 2013. China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Spears. [1] Used the spear. [2] "The advancement of bronze technology and the use of bronze weapons gave the Shang military great advantage over their enemies and completely changed the way they fought wars. They used newly-developed weapons like the bronze-tipped halberd and spear, the compound bow; and most importantly, they used horse-drawn chariots." [3]
[1]: (Dreyer, 2012, 20)
[2]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
[3]: http://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/the_shang_dynasty_1600_to_1050_bce/
The Shang dagger-axe had a one meter long shaft, could also be classified as a polearm. [1] Dagger-axe. [2] Used a "bronze tipped halberd". [3] Bronze halberds. [4]
[1]: (Gauckroger and Scott 2009, 11)
[2]: (Peers 2013, 10)
[3]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
[4]: (Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf
[1]: (Peers 2013, 10)
[2]: (Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf
Horse domesticated c1250 BCE. Use of horse chariot recorded on oracle bones. Chariot had "western" design. [1] Used horse-drawn chariots, most likely "introduced from western Asia". [2]
[1]: (Roberts 2003, 10)
[2]: (The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf)
Two elephants found buried at Xibeigang. [1] 60 ivory elephant tusks found at Sanxingdui. [2] . Used in warfare, as pack animals. [3]
[1]: (Bagley 1999, 193) Bagley, Robert. 1999. "Shang Archaeology." eds. Loewe, Michael and Edward Shaughnessy. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 124-136.
[2]: (Bavarian 2005) Bavarian, Behzad. July 2005. Unearthing Technology’s Influence on the Ancient Chinese Dynasties through Metallurgical Investigations, California State University. Northridge. http://library.csun.edu/docs/bavarian.pdf
[3]: (North China Conference 2016)
"The “canine officers” (ch’üan) probably had their origin as kennel masters for the king’s dogs, but their number multiplied and their authority expanded as the role of dogs increased in protection, the hunt, and perhaps the battlefield." [1] Never used in warfare. [2]
[1]: Sawyer, R. 2011. Ancient Chinese Warfare. Basic Books.
[2]: (North China Conference 2016)
Given the wide array of offensive weapons it would be surprising if nothing had evolved to counter them. for example, shields and helmets to absorb the blow of crushing weapons like the mace and battle-axe. We would expect the earliest defenses to not have been made of metal and so unlikely to have been preserved.
"troops were only minimally protected by armor and carried comparatively small shields." [1] Helmet found at Dayangzhou, Xin’gan, Erligang Culture, possibly Huan-bei period. [2] so they almost certainly conceived of the shield, however it might not have been made of metal and preserved? Given the wide array of offensive weapons it would be surprising if nothing had evolved to counter them. for example, shields and helmets to absorb the blow of crushing weapons like the mace and battle-axe. we would expect the earliest defenses to not have been made of metal and so unlikely to have been preserved.
[1]: Sawyer, R. 2011. Ancient Chinese Warfare. Basic Books.
[2]: (Thorp 2013, 110) Thorp, Robert L. 2013. China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization.University of Pennsylvania Press.
Dien [1] notes that the earliest evidence of armor is a leather breastplate from a tomb at Anyang in 1000 BCE. Unclear if it was ornamental or practical, but the next evidence comes from warring states period -- still unclear how widespread armor use was before warring states. However, this reference is from 1981 and a lot of archaeology has been done since then. Given the wide array of offensive weapons it would be surprising if nothing had evolved to counter them. for example, shields and helmets to absorb the blow of crushing weapons like the mace and battle-axe. we would expect the earliest defenses to not have been made of metal and so unlikely to have been preserved. an ornamental breastplate logically would have been based on a practical counterpart.
[1]: (Dien 1981, 6)
There are written references to boats starting with the oracle bones of the Shang dynasty, which bear graphs interpreted as the original signs for a boat, a boat propelled by an oar, and the way to caulk the seams of a boat. Caulking suggests considerable sophistication in construction at such an early date. [1]
[1]: Kidder Jr., J. Edward, 2007. Himiko and Japan’s Elusive Kingdom of Yamatai (Honolulu: Hawaii University Press). p. 40