Home Region: Iran (Southwest Asia)

Elam - Igihalkid Period

1399 BCE 1200 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 ir_elam_6 / IrMElm2

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1500 BCE 1400 BCE Elam - Kidinuid Period (ir_elam_5) [elite replacement]

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General Description

The Middle Elamite kingdom, about 250,000 square kilometers, was located in what is now Southwestern Iran. ^[1] The kingdom is commonly split into three phases: the first before 1400 BCE; the second, 1400-1200 BCE, which was characterised by intermarriage with the Kassites; and the third, 1200-1100 BCE, characterised by war with the Kassites.
The First Period lacks the evidence of the later periods, but can be seen to be a substantial state, where the kings held the title of king of Anshan and Susa, even if it is not clear how much control they exerted over Anshan. The kings of the First Period had local governors and diplomats, craft and cult organisation, and could wage war against the Babylonians. ^[2]
The Second Period has a comparative wealth of evidence, mostly royal inscriptions from building or dedicatory texts. During this period, the empire expanded and many building works were undertaken, including the construction of the new city al-Untash Napirisha. This period also saw the Elamites becoming increasingly involved in Mesopotamian politics. There were many marriages between Elamite princes (the Igihalkids) and Kassite princesses. ^[3] The "Berlin letter", an important text, names four marriages between Elamite princes and Kassite princesses. ^[4]
The Third Period involved military battles with Babylon, which had been annexed by Assyria. in 1158 BCE, the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte invaded Babylonia and overthrew the Kassite king Zababa-shuma-iddina, probably giving the throne to his son Kutir-Nahhunte. The Middle Elamite Kingdom ended when the Babylonian army, led by Nebuchadnezzar, defeated the last Middle Elamite king, Hutelutush-Inshushinak and seized Susa in revenge for taking their god and invading their kingdom. ^[5]
Population and political organization
Kings of this period were commonly referred to by the title ’king of Susa and Anshan’ in Akkadian and ’king of Anshan and Susa’ in Elamite. It is a period characterised by this unity between the highlands, Anshan, and the lowlands, Susa. ^[6] A powerful bureaucracy had religious and secular influence in the government. ^[7]
The population for the entire empire is unknown, but the largest settlement is estimated at between 1,500-6,000 people during the early period, 2,750-11,000 people in 1300 BCE, and 5,000-20,000 in 1200 BCE.

[1]: (Liverani, 2014. 279) Liverani, Mario. The ancient Near East: history, society and economy. London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2014

[2]: Carter, E. and Stolper, M.W. 1984. Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. London: University of California Publication. p. 32-34

[3]: Carter, E. and Stolper, M.W. 1984. Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. Near Eastern Studies. Volume 25. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.37-38

[4]: Potts, D.T. 2012. The Elamites. In Daryaee, T. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 37

[5]: Potts, D.T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.232-253

[6]: Potts, D. T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.188

[7]: (Farazmand 2009, 21) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

2 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

2 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

Law

1 Formal Legal Code

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

4 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6) was in:
(1400 BCE 1201 BCE)	Susiana

Home NGA: Susiana

General Variables

Identity and Location Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	38 S	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Original Name	Elam - Igihalkid Period	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Capital	Anshan	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Capital	Al Untash Napirisha	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Alternative Name	Middle Elamite Kingdom	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Alternative Name	Kingdom of Susa and Anshan	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Alternative Name	Igihalkid Dynasty	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1300 BCE
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Duration	[1399 BCE ➜ 1200 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	ir_elam_6 alliance with iq_babylonia_2	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Mesopotamia	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Iran	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Neo-Assyrian Empire	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	elite migration	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Preceding Entity 1500 BCE 1400 BCE	Elam - Kidinuid Period (ir_elam_5) [elite replacement]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Language Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	none	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Language	Akkadian	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Language	Elamite	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Religion Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[2,750 to 11,000] people	1,300 BCE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	[5,000 to 20,000] people	1,200 BCE
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Polity Territory	[290,000 to 330,000] km²	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Polity Population	- Undecided	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	4	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Religious Level	[2 to 4]	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Military Level	[3 to 6]	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Administrative Level	[4 to 5]	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Professions Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Law Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Formal Legal Code	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Bridge	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Information / Writing System Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Script	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Literature	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Calendar	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Information / Money Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Paper Currency	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Article	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Information / Postal System Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Courier	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Military use of Metals Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Iron	Absent Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Copper	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Bronze	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Projectiles Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Sling	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Handheld weapons Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Sword	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Spear	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Dagger	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Elephant	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Armor Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Helmet	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Naval technology Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent	1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Elam - Igihalkid Period (ir_elam_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More