Home Region:  Northeast Asia (East Asia)

Japan - Early Jomon

5300 BCE 3500 BCE
D G SC WF RG EQ 2020  jp_jomon_3 / JpJomo3
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
9200 BCE 5300 BCE Japan - Initial Jomon (jp_jomon_2)    [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.
3500 BCE 2500 BCE Japan - Middle Jomon (jp_jomon_4)    [continuity]


  General Description   "Consistent warming and a rising sea level pushed the coastal population farther inland during the Early Jomon period, with the temperature peaking several degrees higher than today toward the end of this stage. Water flooded low valleys, and some Kanto sites are as much as fifty kilometers from the present shore. [...].
"The shell mounds of this stage contain chiefly freshwater clams (Yamato shijimi or Corbicula japonica, and marine haigai or Anada granosa) and oysters (magaki or Crossostrea gigas). Animal bones - not numerous - are chiefly those of deer, boars, flying squirrels, and Siberian mountain lions. Investigations indicate that mainly older deer were hunted, that the fast-breeding wild boars were killed indiscriminately, and that mountain lions were dying out. In the more isolated areas of western Japan, animal life was reduced, leaving fewer resources for human survival. The higher temperature encouraged the growth of the evergreen oak forests (Quercus) that covered much of west Japan.
"The warmer temperature was also conducive to the growth of warm-water Anadara granosa as far north as the Daigi shell mound near Matsushima Bay, although its habitat is now south of Tokyo. On the other hand, the coldwater mollusk (Pecten yesoensis), now thriving in northeast Honshu, could not stand the warmth and is therefore missing from the Early Jomon shell mounds of that area.
"Around the middle of the Early Jomon, reliable food sources and somewhat longer stays near the coast produced a dramatic increase in population. According to Koyama’s calculations, the Early Jomon population numbered around 106,000, or five times that of the Earliest Jomon, an increase unmatched at any other stage of the Jomon period.
"Small Early Jomon villages, developed on bluffs, had pit houses grouped in the form of a horseshoe. The presence of pottery of several successive types at a single site indicates continuous habitation. As this occurred, family demands fostered advances in house construction. The older, poorer shelters or huts were now transformed by the introduction of substantial inner posts strong enough to hold a roof over a rectanguloid floor. Rainwater shed by the pitched roof was drained off through surrounding ditches. Kaya (a miscanthus) was probably the roofing grass, fifteen centimeters of which would have been enough to keep the interior dry. Toward the end of the Early Jomon, the inner space took the form of a square with rounded corners. Some fireplaces were moved inside, though rarely were placed in the middle of the floor. Indoor living now offered more attractions.
"Houses were occasionally extended to accommodate growing families, but archaeological evidence reveals few repairs and almost no overlapped houses so often found at Middle Jomon sites. The forty-eight houses of the Minabori shell mound, located on a rather level plateau in Yokohama and distributed to form a rough arc, had doors facing an open space to the north. Because successive rebuilding did not alter this fundamental plan, it is thought that use of the common area had become well established. An improving economy is suggested by storage pits found both inside and outside houses. Such pits were lined by alternating layers of leaves and nuts in order to keep most of the pit’s contents dry, allowing cupboard raids to expose only a little at a time.
"Most of the house pits of Minabori contained Kurohama-type pottery belonging to the middle years of the Early Jomon. These flat-bottomed pots were designed for cooking, and their new shapes made them more practical for indoor living on intensely used floors that were tamped hard. A short-lived spell of tempering the clay with small fibers - a practice that perhaps started in the Tohoku and moved south - may have been connected with attempts to strengthen the walls of the pots when increasing their size and experimenting with flat bottoms. Heavy cord marking is typical, and before the Early Jomon phase was over, Moroiso-type pottery appeared, bearing imprinted and incised decorative arcs and parallel lines made with the end of a small split bamboo stick.
"Recent excavations at the Torihama shell mound in Mikata-cho of Fukui Prefecture point up hitherto unknown advances in the Early Jomon. One of the rather few kitchen middens found on the west side of Japan, it lies beside the Hasu River in a laurel (laurilignosa) forest area dominated by oak. These excavations show that boars, deer, monkeys, raccoon-dogs, bear, serows, otters, martens, and badgers were hunted; several kinds of fish were caught; and a variety of freshwater shellfish, saltwater mollusks, clams, oysters, and ark shells were collected. Walnuts, hazelnuts, and acorns were also gathered. But of special interest are the bottle gourds {Lagenaria siceraria) and "green beans" (Phaseolus sp.) that were pea shaped and found in long narrow pods averaging eleven centimeters in length and thirteen beans to a pod. Many Japanese archaeologists regard both as cultivated plants, indeed suggesting that pollen changes indicate environmental alterations caused by clearing and that trees of foothill forests were cut and used for building materials, wooden tools, and firewood.
"Preserved remarkably well are ropes, reed baskets, and many wooden objects, including oars, boards, adzes, bows, and carved bowls and a comb which are the oldest pieces of lacquer ever found in Japan. Other innovations were polished stone axes, bone needles, and thimblelike bone rings. Vertically angled blades were changed to adze-shaped tools by the use of right-angled tree forks, probably for better hacking and digging of new forms of vegetation.
"Torihama is no longer an isolated case. Gourd seeds have also been found in the Early and Latest Jomon sites of Gifu and Saitama. The Middle Jomon Idojiri "bread," which has long defied analysis, is now thought to have contained some eight skins of beans. The Middle Jomon Tsurune settlement site in Takayama City, Gifu Prefecture, yielded two carbonized beans (Leguminosae) that are reportedly similar to a cultivated continental Asian bean for which there was nothing comparable in Japan." [1]

[1]: (Kidder, Jr. 2008, 62-65)

General Variables
Social Complexity Variables
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3) was in:
 (5300 BCE 3501 BCE)   Kansai
Home NGA: Kansai
General Variables
Identity and Location Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Utm Zone 53 S Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Original Name Japan - Early Jomon Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Capital absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Alternative Name Nakanoya Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Alternative Name Matsubara Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Alternative Name Ondashi Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Alternative Name Torihama Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
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Duration [5300 BCE ➜ 3500 BCE] Confident
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Political and Cultural Relations Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Succeeding Entity Japan - Middle Jomon Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity continuity Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Succeeding Entity
3500 BCE 2500 BCE
Japan - Middle Jomon (jp_jomon_4)   [continuity]  Confident
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Preceding Entity
9200 BCE 5300 BCE
Japan - Initial Jomon (jp_jomon_2)   [continuity]  Confident
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Degree of Centralization quasi-polity Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Language Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
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Linguistic Family NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Language uncoded Undecided 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Religion Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Population of the Largest Settlement [400 to 500] people Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Polity Territory - Undecided 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Polity Population [400 to 1,000] people Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Largest Communication Distance - Undecided 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
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Settlement Hierarchy [1 to 2] Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Administrative Level - Undecided 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Professions Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Professional Priesthood Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Professional Military Officer Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Merit Promotion Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Examination System Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Law Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Judge Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
Court Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
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Market Unknown Suspected 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Irrigation System Absent Inferred 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Food Storage Site Absent Inferred 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System Unknown Suspected 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
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Road Absent Inferred 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Mines or Quarry Present Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Enclosure Uncoded Undecided 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Information / Writing System Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Script Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
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Scientific Literature Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Sacred Text Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Religious Literature Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Practical Literature Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Philosophy Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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History Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Fiction Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Calendar Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Information / Money Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Token Uncoded Undecided 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Paper Currency Absent Inferred 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Indigenous Coin Absent Inferred 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Article Uncoded Undecided 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Information / Postal System Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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General Postal Service Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Courier Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Modern Fortification Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moat Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Fortified Camp Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Earth Rampart Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Ditch Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Complex Fortification Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Long Wall absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Military use of Metals Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Iron Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Copper Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Bronze Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Projectiles Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Sling Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Self Bow Present Inferred 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Javelin Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Handheld Firearm Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Crossbow Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Composite Bow Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Atlatl Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Handheld weapons Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
War Club Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Sword Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Spear Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Polearm Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Dagger Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Battle Axe Present Inferred 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Horse Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Elephant Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Donkey Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Dog Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Camel Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Armor Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wood Bark Etc Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Shield Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Scaled Armor Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Plate Armor Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Limb Protection Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Leather Cloth Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Laminar Armor Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Helmet Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Chainmail Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Breastplate Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Naval technology Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc Present Inferred 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service Absent Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain Unknown Confident 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Japan - Early Jomon (jp_jomon_3)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Instability Data
Power Transitions