instability_event:
Home Region: Iran (Southwest Asia)
Ak Koyunlu
1339 CE 1501 CE
Preceding Entity:
Add one more here.
Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.
[population migration; Kara Koyunlu] [population replacement] Update here
Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.
Displayed: 1453 CE
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General Description
The Ak Koyunlu were a loose confederation of nomadic Turkman tribes that ruled in Iran between 1339-1501 CE.
[1]
They formed an alliance with the Timurid Emirate (1370-1526 CE) until Uzun Hasan (r. c1453-1478 CE) declared himself an independent sultan.
[2]
Their rule was ended by the Safavids in 1501 CE.
[1]
The initial Ak Koyunlu government system was not complex; the sultan, a member of the Bayandor clan, was the head of a confederation
[3]
and obliged to attend and abide by the decisions of a powerful council of Amirs (kengac) and tribal chiefs (boy kanlari). This collective "determined military matters and the recurrent issue of succession to the sultanate".
[1]
However, by Qara Otman (c1398 CE) the Ak Koyunlu had gained "at least a rudimentary bureaucratic apparatus of the Iranian-Islamic type."
[1]
in addition to support from more tribes, and better relations with Christian sedentary people.
In the second half of the fifthteenth century, the complexity of state institutions increased another step with the conquest of eastern Iran.
[1]
Uzun Hasan maintained the existing administrative system as well as their officials.
[1]
Woods (1998) notes that there is evidence of an attempt to standardize and regularize administrative and financial procedures.
[4]
[1]: (Quiring-Zoche 2011) R Quiring-Zoche. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation
[2]: (Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation
[3]: (Quiring-Zoche 2011) QR Quiring-Zoche. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation
[4]: (Woods 1998, 108) J E Woods. 1999. The Aqquyunlu. Clan, Confederation, Empire. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press.
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
| alliance with [---] |
| Safavid Empire |
| population migration |
| UNCLEAR: [population replacement] | |
| Succeeding: Safavid Empire (ir_safavid_emp) [continuity] |
| confederated state | |
| loose |
Language
Religion
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information
/ Writing System
Information
/ Kinds of Written Documents
| Present |
| Present |
| Present |
| inferred Present |
| inferred Present |
| inferred Present |
| inferred Present |
| Present |
| Present |
Information
/ Money
Information
/ Postal System
Information
/ Measurement System
Fortifications
| Unknown |
| Unknown |
| inferred Present |
| inferred Present |
| Unknown |
| inferred Present |
| Unknown |
| Unknown |
| Unknown |
| Unknown |
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
| inferred Present |
| Unknown |
| inferred Absent |
| Unknown |
| inferred Present |
| Absent | 1339 CE 1472 CE |
| Present | 1473 CE 1501 CE |
| Absent | 1400 CE |
| Present | 1500 CE |
| inferred Absent |
| Present |
| Absent |
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables
Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences
Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions
Coding in Progress.
NGA Settlements:
| Year Range | Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu) was in: |
|---|---|
| (1471 CE 1504 CE) | Susiana |
Home NGA: Susiana
General Variables
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Original Name | Ak Koyunlu | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Capital | Amed | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Capital | Tabriz | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Alternative Name | Aq Qoyunlu | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Alternative Name | White Sheep | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Suprapolity Relations | alliance with [---] | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Succeeding Entity | Safavid Empire | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Relationship to Preceding Entity | population migration | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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Preceding Entity
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Succeeding Entity
1501 CE 1722 CE
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| Degree of Centralization | confederated state | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Degree of Centralization | loose | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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Social Complexity Variables
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Settlement Hierarchy | [3 to 5] | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Religious Level | [1 to 3] | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Military Level | 6 | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Administrative Level | 3 | Confident | 1339 CE 1398 CE | ||||||||
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| Administrative Level | 4 | Confident | 1339 CE 1470 CE | ||||||||
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| Administrative Level | 5 | Confident | 1471 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialized Government Building | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Merit Promotion | Absent | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Full Time Bureaucrat | Absent | Confident | 1339 CE 1397 CE | ||||||||
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| Full Time Bureaucrat | Present | Inferred | 1398 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Examination System | Absent | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mines or Quarry | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written Record | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Script | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Phonetic Alphabetic Writing | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Nonwritten Record | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Non Phonetic Writing | Absent | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Mnemonic Device | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific Literature | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Sacred Text | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Religious Literature | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Practical Literature | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Philosophy | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Lists Tables and Classification | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| History | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Fiction | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Calendar | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Token | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Precious Metal | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Paper Currency | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Indigenous Coin | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Foreign Coin | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Article | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postal Station | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| General Postal Service | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Courier | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
|---|
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wooden Palisade | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Stone Walls Non Mortared | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Stone Walls Mortared | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Settlements in a Defensive Position | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Modern Fortification | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moat | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Fortified Camp | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Earth Rampart | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Ditch | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Complex Fortification | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tension Siege Engine | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Sling Siege Engine | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Sling | Absent | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Self Bow | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Javelin | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Handheld Firearm | Absent | Confident | 1339 CE 1472 CE | ||||||||
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| Handheld Firearm | Present | Confident | 1473 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Gunpowder Siege Artillery | Absent | Confident | 1400 CE | ||||||||
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| Gunpowder Siege Artillery | Present | Confident | 1500 CE | ||||||||
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| Crossbow | Absent | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Composite Bow | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Atlatl | Absent | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| War Club | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Sword | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Spear | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Polearm | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Dagger | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Battle Axe | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wood Bark Etc | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Shield | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Scaled Armor | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Plate Armor | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Limb Protection | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Leather Cloth | Present | Inferred | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Laminar Armor | Unknown | Suspected | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Helmet | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Chainmail | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Breastplate | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moralizing Enforcement is Broad | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement in This Life | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Certain | Present | Confident | 1339 CE 1501 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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Crisis Cases
Instability Data
Power Transitions