instability_event: Home Region:  Iran (Southwest Asia)

Ak Koyunlu

1339 CE 1501 CE
D G SC WF RG EQ 2020  ir_ak_koyunlu / IrAkKoy
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
[population migration; Kara Koyunlu] [population replacement]   Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.
1501 CE 1722 CE Safavid Empire (ir_safavid_emp)    [continuity]

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  General Description   The Ak Koyunlu were a loose confederation of nomadic Turkman tribes that ruled in Iran between 1339-1501 CE. [1] They formed an alliance with the Timurid Emirate (1370-1526 CE) until Uzun Hasan (r. c1453-1478 CE) declared himself an independent sultan. [2] Their rule was ended by the Safavids in 1501 CE. [1]
The initial Ak Koyunlu government system was not complex; the sultan, a member of the Bayandor clan, was the head of a confederation [3] and obliged to attend and abide by the decisions of a powerful council of Amirs (kengac) and tribal chiefs (boy kanlari). This collective "determined military matters and the recurrent issue of succession to the sultanate". [1] However, by Qara Otman (c1398 CE) the Ak Koyunlu had gained "at least a rudimentary bureaucratic apparatus of the Iranian-Islamic type." [1] in addition to support from more tribes, and better relations with Christian sedentary people.
In the second half of the fifthteenth century, the complexity of state institutions increased another step with the conquest of eastern Iran. [1] Uzun Hasan maintained the existing administrative system as well as their officials. [1] Woods (1998) notes that there is evidence of an attempt to standardize and regularize administrative and financial procedures. [4]

[1]: (Quiring-Zoche 2011) R Quiring-Zoche. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation

[2]: (Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation

[3]: (Quiring-Zoche 2011) QR Quiring-Zoche. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation

[4]: (Woods 1998, 108) J E Woods. 1999. The Aqquyunlu. Clan, Confederation, Empire. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press.

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information / Writing System
Information / Kinds of Written Documents
Information / Money
Information / Postal System
Information / Measurement System
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu) was in:
 (1471 CE 1504 CE)   Susiana
Home NGA: Susiana
General Variables
Identity and Location Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Original Name Ak Koyunlu Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Capital Amed Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Capital Tabriz Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Alternative Name Aq Qoyunlu Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Alternative Name White Sheep Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Temporal Bounds Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Peak Years [1453 CE ➜ 1478 CE] Confident
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Duration [1339 CE ➜ 1501 CE] Confident
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Political and Cultural Relations Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Suprapolity Relations alliance with [---] Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Succeeding Entity Safavid Empire Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity population migration Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Preceding Entity
CE
population migration; Kara Koyunlu [population replacement]    Update here
Confident
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Succeeding Entity
1501 CE 1722 CE
Safavid Empire (ir_safavid_emp)   [continuity]  Confident
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Degree of Centralization confederated state Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Degree of Centralization loose Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Language Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Linguistic Family Indo-Iranian Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Language Genus Indo-European Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Language Persian Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Religion Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Religion Genus Islam Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Religion Family Sunni Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Alternate Religion Uncoded Undecided 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Population of the Largest Settlement - Undecided 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Polity Territory 1,800,000 km2 Confident 1500 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy [3 to 5] Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Religious Level [1 to 3] Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Military Level 6 Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Administrative Level 3 Confident 1339 CE 1398 CE
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Administrative Level 4 Confident 1339 CE 1470 CE
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Administrative Level 5 Confident 1471 CE 1501 CE
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Professions Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Professional Priesthood Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Professional Military Officer Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Merit Promotion Absent Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat Absent Confident 1339 CE 1397 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat Present Inferred 1398 CE 1501 CE
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Examination System Absent Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Law Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer Uncoded Undecided 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Judge Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
Court Uncoded Undecided 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Market Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Irrigation System Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Road Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Port Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Canal Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Bridge Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Mines or Quarry Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Information / Writing System Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Script Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Nonwritten Record Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing Absent Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Mnemonic Device Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Scientific Literature Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Sacred Text Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Religious Literature Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Practical Literature Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Philosophy Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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History Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Fiction Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Calendar Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Information / Money Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Token Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Precious Metal Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Paper Currency Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Indigenous Coin Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Foreign Coin Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Article Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Information / Postal System Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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General Postal Service Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Courier Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Information / Measurement System Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Modern Fortification Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moat Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Fortified Camp Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Earth Rampart Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Ditch Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Complex Fortification Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Military use of Metals Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Iron Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Copper Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Bronze Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Projectiles Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Sling Siege Engine Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Sling Absent Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Self Bow Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Javelin Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Handheld Firearm Absent Confident 1339 CE 1472 CE
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Handheld Firearm Present Confident 1473 CE 1501 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Absent Confident 1400 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Present Confident 1500 CE
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Crossbow Absent Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Composite Bow Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Atlatl Absent Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Handheld weapons Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
War Club Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Sword Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Spear Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Polearm Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Dagger Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Battle Axe Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Animals used in warfare Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Horse Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Elephant Absent Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Donkey Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Dog Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Camel Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Armor Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wood Bark Etc Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Shield Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Scaled Armor Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Plate Armor Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Limb Protection Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Leather Cloth Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Laminar Armor Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Helmet Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Chainmail Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Breastplate Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Naval technology Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service Unknown Suspected 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain Present Confident 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Human Sacrifice Ak Koyunlu (ir_ak_koyunlu)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Crisis Cases
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Instability Data
Power Transitions
View all Power Transitions