Home Region: Mongolia (Central and Northern Eurasia)

Late Mongols

1368 CE 1690 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 mn_mongol_late / MnMongL

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1271 CE 1368 CE Great Yuan (cn_yuan_dyn) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity:

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General Description

After the Yuan dynasty collapsed in 1368, Toghon Temur, its last emperor retired with his army to Mongolia, where he established a new state, with Karakorum as its capital, that extended from Manchuria to Kyrgyzstan between the Great Wall of China and Lake Baikal. ^[1] The new Mongolian polity was actually a loose alliance of six tribal confederations or tümens united under a common Khan, and the Khalkhas were one of these confederations. The Khalkhas were themselves divided into the Northern and Southern Khalkhas, and the Northern Khalkhas were divided into left-flank and right-flank Khalkhas For much of their history, the Khalkhas fought against the neighbouring Oirat confederation, with only a few decades’ truce in the first half of the seventeenth century. In 1662, conflict flared up between the left-flank and right-flank Khalkhas, but it was the Oirats’ invasion under Zungharian leadership that led to the fall of the Khalkha confederacy, as it pushed the Khalkhas to request Beijing’s protection, which the Chinese emperor granted in 1691, in exchange for political submission. ^[2]
Population and political organization
Like other Mongol confederacies, the Khalkhas were organised in a confederacy ruled by its own ruler, who however deferred to the overarching khan. ^[3]
In the 1630s, the Khalkhas, along with the Chahars, comprised 19,580 families; ^[4] estimating 3-8 people per family results in a figure of between 58,740 and 156,640 people, which, halved to exclude the Chahars, falls to between 30,000 and 80,000.

[1]: (Ishjamts 2003, 210-211)

[2]: (Atwood 2004, 299-300)

[3]: (Ishjamts 2003, 213)

[4]: (Perdue 2005, 125)

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

2 Degree of Centralization

Language

2 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

2 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

2 Judge

2 Formal Legal Code

2 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

Transport Infrastructure

1 Port

1 Canal

Special-purpose Sites

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 History

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

3 Javelin

2 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

25 Power Transition

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late) was in:
(1368 CE 1689 CE)	Orkhon Valley

Home NGA: Orkhon Valley

General Variables

Identity and Location Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Original Name	Late Mongols	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Capital	Karakorum	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Alternative Name	Khalkhas	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Alternative Name	Northern Yuan	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Temporal Bounds Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1368 CE ➜ 1690 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Supracultural Entity	Mongols	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Zungharian Empire	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Preceding Entity 1271 CE 1368 CE	Great Yuan (cn_yuan_dyn) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Degree of Centralization	nominal	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Language Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Mongolic	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Linguistic Family	Altaic	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Language	Khalkha	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Religion Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Polity Territory	[2,500,000 to 3,000,000] km²	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Polity Population	[30,000 to 80,000] people	1600 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[2 to 3]	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Religious Level	1	1368 CE 1576 CE
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Religious Level	[3 to 4]	1576 CE 1690 CE
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Military Level	[4 to 6]	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Administrative Level	3	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Professions Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Examination System	Absent	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Law Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Judge	Present Inferred	1590 CE 1690 CE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1589 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1590 CE 1690 CE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1589 CE
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Court	Present	1590 CE 1690 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Irrigation System	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Port	Absent Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Canal	Uncoded Undecided	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Writing System Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Script	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Sacred Text	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Religious Literature	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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History	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Information / Money Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Article	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Information / Postal System Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Courier	Absent Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Information / Measurement System Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Modern Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Military use of Metals Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Iron	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Projectiles Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	1400 CE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	1500 CE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	1600 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1368 CE 1599 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Present Inferred	1600 CE 1690 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Crossbow	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Composite Bow	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Handheld weapons Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Sword	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Spear	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Dagger	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Battle Axe	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Animals used in warfare Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Elephant	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Armor Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Shield	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Limb Protection	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Breastplate	Present Inferred	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Naval technology Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1368 CE 1690 CE
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Human Sacrifice Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More