Home Region:  Mongolia (Central and Northern Eurasia)

Late Mongols

1368 CE 1690 CE
D G SC WF
EQ 2020  mn_mongol_late / MnMongL
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
1271 CE 1368 CE Great Yuan (cn_yuan_dyn)    [continuity]

Succeeding Entity:
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Displayed: 1375 CE

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  General Description   After the Yuan dynasty collapsed in 1368, Toghon Temur, its last emperor retired with his army to Mongolia, where he established a new state, with Karakorum as its capital, that extended from Manchuria to Kyrgyzstan between the Great Wall of China and Lake Baikal. [1] The new Mongolian polity was actually a loose alliance of six tribal confederations or tümens united under a common Khan, and the Khalkhas were one of these confederations. The Khalkhas were themselves divided into the Northern and Southern Khalkhas, and the Northern Khalkhas were divided into left-flank and right-flank Khalkhas For much of their history, the Khalkhas fought against the neighbouring Oirat confederation, with only a few decades’ truce in the first half of the seventeenth century. In 1662, conflict flared up between the left-flank and right-flank Khalkhas, but it was the Oirats’ invasion under Zungharian leadership that led to the fall of the Khalkha confederacy, as it pushed the Khalkhas to request Beijing’s protection, which the Chinese emperor granted in 1691, in exchange for political submission. [2]
Population and political organization
Like other Mongol confederacies, the Khalkhas were organised in a confederacy ruled by its own ruler, who however deferred to the overarching khan. [3]
In the 1630s, the Khalkhas, along with the Chahars, comprised 19,580 families; [4] estimating 3-8 people per family results in a figure of between 58,740 and 156,640 people, which, halved to exclude the Chahars, falls to between 30,000 and 80,000.

[1]: (Ishjamts 2003, 210-211)

[2]: (Atwood 2004, 299-300)

[3]: (Ishjamts 2003, 213)

[4]: (Perdue 2005, 125)

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information / Writing System
Information / Kinds of Written Documents
Information / Money
Information / Postal System
Information / Measurement System
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late) was in:
 (1368 CE 1689 CE)   Orkhon Valley
Home NGA: Orkhon Valley
General Variables
Identity and Location Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Original Name Late Mongols Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Capital Karakorum Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Alternative Name Khalkhas Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Alternative Name Northern Yuan Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Temporal Bounds Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Duration [1368 CE ➜ 1690 CE] Confident
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Political and Cultural Relations Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Supracultural Entity Mongols Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Succeeding Entity Zungharian Empire Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity continuity Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Preceding Entity
1271 CE 1368 CE
Great Yuan (cn_yuan_dyn)   [continuity]  Confident
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Degree of Centralization quasi-polity Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Degree of Centralization nominal Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Language Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Linguistic Family Mongolic Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Linguistic Family Altaic Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Language Khalkha Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Religion Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Polity Territory [2,500,000 to 3,000,000] km2 Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Polity Population [30,000 to 80,000] people Confident 1600 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy [2 to 3] Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Religious Level 1 Confident 1368 CE 1576 CE
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Religious Level [3 to 4] Confident 1576 CE 1690 CE
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Military Level [4 to 6] Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Administrative Level 3 Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Professions Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Professional Priesthood Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Professional Military Officer Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building Absent Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Merit Promotion Absent Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat Absent Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Examination System Absent Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Law Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Judge Present Inferred 1590 CE 1690 CE
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Judge Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Unknown Suspected 1368 CE 1589 CE
Present Confident 1590 CE 1690 CE
Court Unknown Suspected 1368 CE 1589 CE
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Court Present Confident 1590 CE 1690 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Market Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Irrigation System Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Food Storage Site Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Port Absent Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Canal Uncoded Undecided 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Information / Writing System Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Script Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Nonwritten Record Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing Absent Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Sacred Text Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Religious Literature Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Practical Literature Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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History Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Calendar Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Information / Money Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Token Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Precious Metal Absent Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Paper Currency Absent Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Indigenous Coin Absent Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Foreign Coin Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Article Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Information / Postal System Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station Absent Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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General Postal Service Absent Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Courier Absent Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Information / Measurement System Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Modern Fortification Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Moat Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Fortified Camp Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Earth Rampart Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Ditch Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Complex Fortification Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Long Wall unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Military use of Metals Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Iron Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Copper Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Bronze Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Projectiles Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Sling Siege Engine Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Sling Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Self Bow Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Javelin Present Inferred 1400 CE
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Javelin Present Inferred 1500 CE
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Javelin Unknown Suspected 1600 CE
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Handheld Firearm Absent Confident 1368 CE 1599 CE
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Handheld Firearm Present Inferred 1600 CE 1690 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Crossbow Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Composite Bow Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Atlatl Absent Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Handheld weapons Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
War Club Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Sword Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Spear Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Polearm Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Dagger Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Battle Axe Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Animals used in warfare Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Horse Present Confident 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Elephant Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Donkey Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Dog Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Camel Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Armor Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wood Bark Etc Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Shield Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Scaled Armor Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Plate Armor Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Limb Protection Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Leather Cloth Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Laminar Armor Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Helmet Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Chainmail Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Breastplate Present Inferred 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Naval technology Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service Unknown Suspected 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Human Sacrifice Late Mongols (mn_mongol_late)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Crisis Cases
View all Crisis Cases
Instability Data
Power Transitions
View all Power Transitions