Home Region: Mongolia (Central and Northern Eurasia)

Eastern Turk Khaganate

583 CE 630 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 mn_turk_khaganate_1 / MnETurk

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; First Turk Khaganate] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

600 CE 1000 CE Shiwei (mn_shiwei) [None]

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General Description

The Orkhon Valley lies either side of the Orkhon River, in north-central Mongolia. For just under a century, between about 550 and 630 CE, it was under the control of a Turkic Khaganate, which split between a Western Khaganate and an Eastern one around 580; ^[1] the Eastern Khaganate included the Orkhon Valley, though it lasted only a few decades, between succumbing to a combination of internal rebellions and an invasion from Tang China, around 630 CE. ^[2] Like many of their predecessors in the region, the Turks were nomads: indeed, the Turkic general and counselor, Tonyukhukh, is believed to have once said, "If we build castles and give up our old customs, we shall be vanquished". ^[2] Both Western and Eastern khaganates were characterised by a four-tiered administrative hierarchy, whose members largely came from the ruling clan. ^[3] In the East, Sogdian was the language used for administrative purposes. ^[4]
No population estimates specific to this polity could be found in the literature, though, according to McEvedy and Jones, at that time Mongolia and Siberia together likely had a population of no more than 500,000. ^[5]

[1]: (Hosszú 2012, 285)

[2]: (Rogers 2012, 226)

[3]: (Rogers 2012, 225)

[4]: (Hosszú 2012, 285) Hosszú, G. 2012. Heritage of Scribes: The Relation of Rovas Scripts to Eurasian Writing Systems. Rovas Foundation.

[5]: (McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

Language

1 Linguistic Family

2 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

2 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

2 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

5 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1) was in:
(583 CE 630 CE)	Orkhon Valley

Home NGA: Orkhon Valley

General Variables

Identity and Location Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	48 T	583 CE 630 CE
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Original Name	Eastern Turk Khaganate	583 CE 630 CE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital)	583 CE 630 CE
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Alternative Name	Northern Turk Khaganate	583 CE 630 CE
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Temporal Bounds Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[583 CE ➜ 630 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	583 CE 630 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Tang Dynasty	583 CE 630 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	583 CE 630 CE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; First Turk Khaganate [continuity] Update here
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Succeeding Entity 600 CE 1000 CE	Shiwei (mn_shiwei) [None]
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Language Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Oghuz	583 CE 630 CE
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Language	Old Turkic	583 CE 630 CE
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Language	Sogdian	583 CE 630 CE
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Religion Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Buddhism	583 CE 630 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Christianity	583 CE 630 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Manichaeism	583 CE 630 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	583 CE 630 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Polity Territory	[4,500,000 to 5,000,000] km²	583 CE 630 CE
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Polity Population	[400,000 to 500,000] people	583 CE 630 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[1 to 2]	583 CE 630 CE
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Religious Level	2	583 CE 630 CE
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Military Level	[3 to 4]	583 CE 630 CE
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Administrative Level	[4 to 5]	583 CE 630 CE
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Professions Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Uncertain	583 CE 630 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent Uncertain	583 CE 630 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Law Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Bridge	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Information / Writing System Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	583 CE 630 CE
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Script	Present	583 CE 630 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present	583 CE 630 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Sacred Text	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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History	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Information / Money Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	583 CE 630 CE
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Article	Present	583 CE 630 CE
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Information / Postal System Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Information / Measurement System Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Moat	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Earth Rampart	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Ditch	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Military use of Metals Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Iron	Present	583 CE 630 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Projectiles Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Crossbow	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	583 CE 630 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Handheld weapons Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Sword	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Spear	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Dagger	Present	583 CE 630 CE
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Battle Axe	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Animals used in warfare Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	583 CE 630 CE
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Elephant	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Armor Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Shield	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	583 CE 630 CE
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Naval technology Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	583 CE 630 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Uncoded	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	583 CE 630 CE
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Human Sacrifice Eastern Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More