Home Region: Mississippi Basin (North America)

Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II

900 CE 1049 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 us_emergent_mississippian_2 / USMisME

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

750 CE 900 CE Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I (us_emergent_mississippian_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1050 CE 1199 CE Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling (us_cahokia_1) [continuity]

General Description

In the Emergent Mississippian Period (900-1050 CE) the Upper Mississippi region was populated by a number of small communities. The population of the largest settlement was probably in the region of 500 people - but a population is not thought to have been resident at the site that later became Cahokia until towards the end of the period.
In this period the trends established in the Sponemann-Collinsville-Loyd Period continued. Maize farming was intensified and consumption increased creating higher yields and needs for storage and larger populations. ^[1] ^[2] Paregrine and Trubitt (2014) note that Cahokia was an excellent environment for growing maize and its geographic location meant it was easily accessible from many directions. ^[3] It is thought that many different groups created the initial settlement at Cahokia, bringing with them a social structure. ^[4]
The levels of social complexity in Emergent Mississippian societies were increasing creating specialised social roles for "community defense, organization of labor, and communal storage of maize". Settlements now consisted of court-yard clusters and "toward [1000 CE], the southern pattern of civic-ceremonial centers with large earthen mounds was established in many places." ^[1] Warfare appears to have become established. The percentage of sites that were palisaded increased throughout this period from 0.5% 800-950 CE, to 1.5% of sites 1000 CE, to 3% of sites in 1050 CE. ^[5] The nucleated nature of the settlements themselves may also have been a "defensive response to bow warfare." ^[1]

[1]: (Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95) J H Blitz. E S Porth. 2013. Social complexity and the Bow in the Eastern Woodlands. Evolutionary Anthropology. 22:89-95. Wiley.

[2]: (Milner 2006, xx) G R Milner. 2006. The Cahokia Chiefdom: The Archaeology of a Mississippian Society. University Press of Florida. Gainesville.

[3]: (Peregrine/Trubitt 2014, 20) Peregrine P, Ortman S, Rupley, E. 2014. Social Complexity at Cahokia. SFI WORKING PAPER: 2014-03-004. Sante Fe Institute.

[4]: (Peregrine/Iseminger 2014, 27) Peregrine P, Ortman S, Rupley, E. 2014. Social Complexity at Cahokia. SFI WORKING PAPER: 2014-03-004. Sante Fe Institute.

[5]: (Milner, Chaplin and Zavodny 2013) G R Milner. G Chaplin. E Zavodny. 2013. Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America. Evolutionary Anthropology. 22:96-102. Wiley.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

6 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

2 Settlement Hierarchy

2 Religious Level

1 Military Level

2 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Source Of Support

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

2 Specialized Government Building

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Formal Legal Code

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2) was in:
(900 CE 1049 CE)	Cahokia

Home NGA: Cahokia

General Variables

Identity and Location Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	15 S Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Original Name	Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Alternative Name	Emergent Mississippian Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Alternative Name	City Mounds Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Alternative Name	Cahokia Mounds Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Alternative Name	American Bottom Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Alternative Name	Merrell Phase Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Alternative Name	Edelhardt Phase Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Temporal Bounds Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1050 CE Expert
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Duration	[900 CE ➜ 1050 CE] Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Emergent Mississippian Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Cahokia - Lohmann-Stirling Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Succeeding Entity 1050 CE 1199 CE	Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling (us_cahokia_1) [continuity] Expert
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Preceding Entity 750 CE 900 CE	Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I (us_emergent_mississippian_1) [continuity] Expert
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Degree of Centralization	loose Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Language Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Language	uncoded Undecided Expert	900 CE 1049 CE
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Religion Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[400 to 500] people	900 CE 1049 CE
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Polity Territory	[100 to 200] km²	900 CE 1049 CE
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Polity Population	[400 to 500] people	900 CE 1049 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	2	900 CE 1000 CE
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Settlement Hierarchy	3	1000 CE 1049 CE
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Religious Level	2	900 CE 1000 CE
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Religious Level	3	1000 CE 1049 CE
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Military Level	- Suspected	900 CE 1049 CE
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Administrative Level	2	900 CE 1000 CE
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Administrative Level	3	1000 CE 1049 CE
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Professions Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Source Of Support	uncoded Undecided	900 CE 1049 CE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	900 CE 1049 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Uncertain	900 CE 1049 CE
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Specialized Government Building	Absent Uncertain	900 CE 1049 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Examination System	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Law Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown	900 CE 1049 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Irrigation System	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Port	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Canal	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Bridge	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Information / Writing System Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Script	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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History	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Fiction	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Calendar	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Information / Money Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Article	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Information / Postal System Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Courier	Present Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Information / Measurement System Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moat	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Ditch	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Long Wall	absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Military use of Metals Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Iron	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Bronze	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Projectiles Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Sling	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Self Bow	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Javelin	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Handheld weapons Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Sword	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Spear	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Polearm	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Dagger	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Battle Axe	Present Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Animals used in warfare Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Elephant	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Donkey	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Camel	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Armor Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Shield	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Limb Protection	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Leather Cloth	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Helmet	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Breastplate	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Naval technology Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	900 CE 1049 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	900 CE 1049 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	900 CE 1049 CE
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Human Sacrifice Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II (us_emergent_mississippian_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More