Home Region: Western Europe (Europe)

Hallstatt D

600 BCE 475 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 fr_hallstatt_d / FrHallD

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

700 BCE 600 BCE Hallstatt C (fr_hallstatt_c) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

475 BCE 325 BCE La Tene A-B1 (fr_la_tene_a_b1) [population replacement]

General Description

The Hallstatt culture, named after an archaeological site in Austria and traditionally divided into four phases, was the main cultural complex in Western Europe during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. It coincides with the North Alpine complex, extending over modern-day central and southern Germany, northern Italy, and Switzerland. ^[1]
Population and political organization
The Hallstatt D period (c. 600-475 BCE) ^[2] saw the intensification of processes that had been occurring throughout the Hallstatt era. Some polities disintegrated while others gained power. Thus, the number of hillforts decreased but they grew in size; ^[3] Mont Lassois is a prime example. ^[4] Chiefs controlled the prestige economy at the local level, trading with their Mediterranean counterparts. Extreme social differentiation can be observed in burials; ^[2] the lavish Vix Burial, a cairn 42 metres wide and 6 metres high associated with the site of Mont Lassois, ^[5] includes gold and bronze objects as well as prestigious imports.
This period was also marked by the rise of urban centres specializing in administrative and mercantile activities, including colonies and entrepôts established for the purpose of long-distance trade. ^[6] Population estimates are more easily accessible for the Hallstatt D period. The Heuneburg, a hillfort reaching c. 100 hectares in the mid-6th century BCE, may have been home to about 5000 inhabitants. ^[7]

[1]: (Brun 1995, 14) Brun, Patrice. 1995. “From Chiefdom to State Organization in Celtic Europe.” In Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems in Prehistoric Europe, edited by Bettina Arnold and D. Blair Gibson, Cambridge University Press, 13-25. Cambridge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RZWRCEPH.

[2]: (Collis 1995, 75) Collis, John. 1995. “States without Centers? The Middle La Tène Period in Temperate Europe.” In Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems in Prehistoric Europe, edited by Bettina Arnold and D. Blair Gibson, 75-80. Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/QFU68CIQ.

[3]: (Allen 2007, 26-27) Allen, Stephen. 2007. Lords of Battle: The World of the Celtic Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F9D9PI8A.

[4]: (Collis 1984, 16) Collis, John. 1984. The European Iron Age. London; New York: Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2HS6EBNS.

[5]: (Collis 1984, 16, 95) Collis, John. 1984. The European Iron Age. London; New York: Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2HS6EBNS.

[6]: (Collis 1984, 22) Collis, John. 1984. The European Iron Age. London; New York: Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2HS6EBNS

[7]: (Fernández Götz and Krausse 2012, 31) Fernández-Götz, Manuel, and Dirk Krausse. 2012. “Heuneburg. First City North of the Alps.” Current World Archaeology, no. 55: 28-34. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/PMS9IF2F.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Capital

4 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d) was in:
(600 BCE 475 BCE)	Paris Basin

Home NGA: Paris Basin

General Variables

Identity and Location Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	31 U	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Original Name	Hallstatt D	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Capital	Mont Lassois	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Capital	Heuneburg	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Alternative Name	Senones	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Alternative Name	Early Celts	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Alternative Name	Western Hallstatt	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hallstatt D	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[600 BCE ➜ 475 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Supracultural Entity	Hallstatt	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	La Tene A-B1	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Succeeding Entity 475 BCE 325 BCE	La Tene A-B1 (fr_la_tene_a_b1) [population replacement]
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Preceding Entity 700 BCE 600 BCE	Hallstatt C (fr_hallstatt_c) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	loose	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Language Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Celtic	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Religion Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	5,000 people	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Polity Territory	[7,000 to 8,000] km²	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[2 to 3]	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Religious Level	1	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Military Level	2	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Administrative Level	[3 to 4]	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Professions Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Law Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Bridge	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Information / Writing System Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Script	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Sacred Text	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Practical Literature	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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History	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Fiction	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Calendar	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Information / Money Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Paper Currency	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Article	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Information / Postal System Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moat	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Ditch	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Military use of Metals Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Iron	Present	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Copper	Present	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Bronze	Present	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Projectiles Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Handheld weapons Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Sword	Present	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Spear	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Polearm	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Dagger	Present	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Camel	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Armor Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Shield	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Breastplate	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Naval technology Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Unknown	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Unknown	600 BCE 475 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Hallstatt D (fr_hallstatt_d)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More