Home Region: Andes (South America and Caribbean)

Cuzco - Late Intermediate II

1250 CE 1400 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 pe_cuzco_6 / PeCuzL2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1000 CE 1250 CE Cuzco - Late Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_5) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1375 CE 1532 CE Inca Empire (pe_inca_emp) [population replacement]

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General Description

After the collapse of the Wari empire, the Cuzco valley once more underwent a phase of regionalization, known as the Late Intermediate Period (1000‒1476 CE). ^[1] In other valleys of Peru, this period saw the emergence of complex kingdoms such as the Chimu, the Chincha, the Ischma and the Chanchay.
In the Cuzco Valley, this period lasted from the early 11th century to the early 15th century and was characterized by incipient state formation in two areas. To the west, the Killke or K’illke may have been the successors to the local Qotakalli chiefdoms of the Early Intermediate period and Middle Horizon. ^[2] ^[3] Centred around the location of modern Cuzco, where Killke material has been excavated, ^[4] their sphere of influence extended south of Cuzco for around 20 kilometres. ^[5] Smaller undefended polities to the west of modern Cuzco may have been under Killke domination, while it is likely that the developing political units to the north were independent. ^[5]
In the Lucre Basin to the east, another powerful cluster emerged, referred to as ’Pinagua’ or ’Pinagua-Moyna’ by ethnohistorians. These polities developed around the sites of Choquepukio, Cotocotuyoc and Minaspata. ^[6] They may have upheld the cultural legacy of Wari colonizers from the Middle Horizon, ^[7] ^[8] as their ceramics and architecture show profound Wari influence. ^[3] Choquepukio in particular exhibits significant continuity with the Wari through its monumental architecture. ^[7] Even further to the east, another small state may have existed around the settlements of Andahuaylillas, Huaro and Urcos. It has been suggested that the Pinagua cluster and these polities together prevented the eastern expansion of the Killke until the late 14th century. ^[7] Between these two extremities of the Cuzco Valley, the Oropesa Basin acted as a buffer zone. ^[9] ^[10]
The Killke, centred in the Cuzco region, appear to have been the most influential and expansionary of these cultures during the Late Intermediate Period: their ceramics were widely used, in contrast to the limited spread of Lucre Basin styles. ^[11]
Population and political organization
The Cuzco Basin and the Sacred Valley experienced significant population growth after 1000 CE, ^[12] although population estimates are extremely difficult to produce. ^[13] The Lucre Basin cluster comprised at least 4 settlements extending over 10 hectares (e.g. Minaspata and Coto-coto), and Choquepukio covered 60 ha. These settlements may have housed several thousand people each. ^[14] The capital of the Killke polity, now buried beneath modern Cuzco, may have covered 50 ha. ^[15]
The second half of the Late Intermediate Period proved to be a gradual phase of consolidation for what would become the Inca Empire. ^[16] Indeed, the Killke followed a pattern of ’leapfrogging’, conquering new territories on an ad hoc basis. ^[17] Administrative and temple buildings at Qhapaqkancha, Markasunay and Pukara Pantillijlla probably developed during the Inca expansion into the Sacred Valley (1250‒1310 CE). ^[18] One suggested cause of this expansionary strategy is a period of drought between 1250 and 1310. ^[19]
Meanwhile, there was another phase of construction at the site of Choquepukio around 1300 CE, which may have corresponded to the arrival of a new elite group from the Titicaca cultural sphere. ^[2] Our evidence for this incursion comes from DNA analysis as well as from the presence of chullpas (burial towers) and ceramic styles characteristic of the Altiplano. ^[2] The construction of grand niched halls and the presence of luxury items made of ceramic, metal, precious stones, and bone may indicate elite-sponsored feasting. ^[1] ^[20] The paramount leader of Choquepukio may have held these feasts in order to establish his power in relation to other local elites. ^[21] Early Inca chronicles document these Pinagua leaders or capacs as a rival force, blocking their expansion into the Lucre Basin. ^[21]
Archaeological evidence of a major burning event between 1400 and 1430 CE indicates that the Choquepukio state finally succumbed to Killke expansion. ^[22] Choquepukio’s arts and monumental architecture profoundly influenced the material culture of the Inca Empire: ^[23] for example, Inca ceramics blended Lucre ceramic technology with Killke motifs. ^[3] With the demise of the Choquepukio polity and the expansion of Killke dominance across the valley, the conditions were in place for the rise of the Inca Empire during the 15th century, creatively building upon the legacy of its predecessors.

[1]: (Andrushko, Torres Pino and Bellifemine 2006, 66) Valerie A. Andrushko, Elva C. Torres Pino and Viviana Bellifemine. 2006. ’The Burials at Sacsahuaman and Chokepukio: a Bioarchaeological Case Study of Imperialism from the Capital of the Inca Empire’. Ñawpa Pacha 28: 63-92.

[2]: (McEwan 2006, 95) Gordon F. McEwan. 2006. ’Inca State Origins: Collapse and Regeneration in the Southern Peruvian Andes’, in After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies, edited by G. M. Schwartz and J. J. Nichols, 85-98. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

[3]: (McEwan, Chatfield and Gibaja 2002, 295) Gordon F. McEwan, Melissa Chatfield and Arminda Gibaja. 2002. ’The Archaeology of Inca Origins: Excavations at Choquepukio, Cuzco, Peru’, in Andean Archaeology I: Variations in Sociopolitical Organization, edited by W. H. Ibsell and H. Silverman, 287-301. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers.

[4]: (Farrington 2013, 142) Ian Farrington. 2013. Cusco: Urbanism and Archaeology in the Inka World. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

[5]: (Covey 2006, 105) R. Alan Covey. 2006. How The Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

[6]: (Covey 2006, 103) R. Alan Covey. 2006. ’Intermediate Elites in the Inka Heartland, AD 1000-1500’, in Intermediate Elites in Pre-Columbian States and Empires, edited by Christina M. Elson and R. Alan Covey, 112-35. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

[7]: (Hiltunen and McEwan 2004, 246) Juha Hiltunen and Gordon F. McEwan. 2004. ’Knowing the Inca Past’, in Andean Archaeology, edited by H. Silverman, 237-54. New York: Blackwell.

[8]: (McEwan 2006, 93) Gordon F. McEwan. 2006. ’Inca State Origins: Collapse and Regeneration in the Southern Peruvian Andes’, in After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies, edited by G. M. Schwartz and J. J. Nichols, 85-98. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

[9]: (Bauer 2004, 86) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[10]: (Covey 2006, 117) R. Alan Covey. 2006. ’Intermediate Elites in the Inka Heartland, AD 1000-1500’, in Intermediate Elites in Pre-Columbian States and Empires, edited by Christina M. Elson and R. Alan Covey, 112-35. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

[11]: (Covey 2006, 103) R. Alan Covey. 2006. How The Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

[12]: (Covey 2006, 89) R. Alan Covey. 2006. How The Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

[13]: Alan Covey 2015, personal communication.

[14]: (D’Altroy 2014, 81-82) Terence N. D’Altroy. 2014. The Incas. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.

[15]: (Covey 2003, 339) Alan R. Covey. 2003. ’A Processual Study of Inka Formation’. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology (22): 333-57.

[16]: (D’Altroy 2014, 85-86) Terence N. D’Altroy. 2014. The Incas. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.

[17]: (Bauer 2004, 88) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[18]: (Covey 2006, 129, 134) R. Alan Covey. 2006. How The Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

[19]: (Covey 2006, 117) R. Alan Covey. 2006. How The Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

[20]: (McEwan, Gibaja and Chatfield 2005, 258) Gordon McEwan, Arminda Gibaja and Melissa Chatfield. 2005. ’Arquitectura monumental en el Cuzco del Periodo Intermedio Tardio: Evidencias de continuidades en la reciprocidad ritual y el manejo administrativo entre los horizontes medio y tardio’. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 9: 257-80.

[21]: (McEwan, Gibaja and Chatfield 2005, 274) Gordon McEwan, Arminda Gibaja and Melissa Chatfield. 2005. ’Arquitectura monumental en el Cuzco del Periodo Intermedio Tardio: Evidencias de continuidades en la reciprocidad ritual y el manejo administrativo entre los horizontes medio y tardio’. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 9: 257-80.

[22]: (D’Altroy 2014, 64) Terence N. D’Altroy. 2014. The Incas. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.

[23]: (Moseley 2001, 248) Michael E. Moseley. 2001. The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. Revised edition. London: Thames and Hudson.

General Variables

Identity and Location

2 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language Genus

2 Language

Religion

1 Religious Tradition

1 Religion Family

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

2 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

2 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6) was in:
(1250 CE 1399 CE)	Cuzco

Home NGA: Cuzco

General Variables

Identity and Location Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	18 L	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Utm Zone	19 L	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Original Name	Cuzco - Late Intermediate II	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Capital	Cuzco	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Capital	Choquepukio	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Alternative Name	Killke Period	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Alternative Name	The Quechuas	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Alternative Name	the Inkas	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Temporal Bounds Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1400 CE
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Duration	[1250 CE ➜ 1400 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Lake Titicaca cultural sphere	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Succeeding Entity	PeInca*	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Preceding Entity 1000 CE 1250 CE	Cuzco - Late Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_5) [continuity]
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Succeeding Entity 1375 CE 1532 CE	Inca Empire (pe_inca_emp) [population replacement] Expert
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Language Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Aymaran	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Language Genus	uncoded Undecided	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Language	Aymara	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Language	Puquina	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Religion Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Religion Family	unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	- Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Polity Territory	[2,300 to 2,800] km²	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Polity Population	- Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	4	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Religious Level	2	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Military Level	4	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Administrative Level	4	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Professions Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	1250 CE 1350 CE
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Professional Soldier	Present	1350 CE 1400 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Uncoded Undecided	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Law Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Uncoded Undecided	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Port	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Canal	Present Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Information / Writing System Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Script	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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History	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Fiction	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Calendar	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Information / Money Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Article	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Information / Postal System Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Information / Measurement System Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Ditch	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present Uncertain	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent Uncertain	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Long Wall	absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Military use of Metals Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Iron	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Copper	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Bronze	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Projectiles Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Sling	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Atlatl	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Handheld weapons Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Sword	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Spear	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Dagger	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Animals used in warfare Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Donkey	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Camel	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Armor Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Helmet	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Naval technology Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	1250 CE 1400 CE
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Human Sacrifice Cuzco - Late Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_6)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More