Home Region: Iran (Southwest Asia)

Elam - Late Sukkalmah

1700 BCE 1500 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 ir_elam_4 / IrSukkL

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1900 BCE 1701 BCE Elam - Early Sukkalmah (ir_elam_3) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1500 BCE 1400 BCE Elam - Kidinuid Period (ir_elam_5) [elite replacement]

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General Description

Women in Elam
"with the rise of the nuclear family by the end of the third millennium ... daughters attained equal inheritance rights with sons. Sometimes fathers even preferred to pass on their entire estates to their daughters rather than to their sons. A wide’s share of her husband’s estate also increased considerably in the later Elamite period." ^[1]
Succession "sometimes passed from a man to his sister’s son. Succession through the sister suggests that royal women had greater political power than did royal women in Mesopotamia." ^[2]
queen Nahhunte-utu of Elam "married two of her own brothers" and passed her claim to the throne to her eldest son. Also evidence for next-of-kin marriage within the royal family." ^[2]
"Hinz argues that even after the sister’s son was no longer the major heir to the throne, brother-sister marriage did not disappear but continued until the end of the Elamite period, when ’even provincial rulers followed the "family custom" of Elamite kings in marrying their sisters." ^[2]

[1]: (Nashat 2003, 14-15) Nashat, Guity. Women in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Iran. in Nashat, Guity. Beck, Lois. eds. 2003. Women in Iran: From The Rise Of Islam To 1800. University of Illinois Press. Urbana.

[2]: (Nashat 2003, 15) Nashat, Guity. Women in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Iran. in Nashat, Guity. Beck, Lois. eds. 2003. Women in Iran: From The Rise Of Islam To 1800. University of Illinois Press. Urbana.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

Law

1 Formal Legal Code

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Precious Metal

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

9 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4) was in:
(1700 BCE 1501 BCE)	Susiana

Home NGA: Susiana

General Variables

Identity and Location Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	38 S	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Original Name	Elam - Late Sukkalmah	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1700 BCE ➜ 1500 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Elam - Kidinuid Period	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Preceding Entity 1900 BCE 1701 BCE	Elam - Early Sukkalmah (ir_elam_3) [continuity]
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Succeeding Entity 1500 BCE 1400 BCE	Elam - Kidinuid Period (ir_elam_5) [elite replacement]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Language Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Religion Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[6,500 to 26,000] people	1700 BCE 1601 BCE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	[4,250 to 17,000] people	1600 BCE 1501 BCE
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Polity Territory	- Undecided	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Polity Population	- Undecided	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[3 to 5]	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Religious Level	[2 to 3]	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Military Level	[3 to 6]	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Administrative Level	[4 to 5]	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Professions Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Law Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Formal Legal Code	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Irrigation System	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Bridge	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Information / Writing System Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Script	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Literature	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Information / Money Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Article	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Information / Postal System Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Courier	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Military use of Metals Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Iron	Absent Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Copper	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Bronze	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Projectiles Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Sling	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Handheld weapons Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Sword	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Spear	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Dagger	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Elephant	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Armor Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Helmet	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Naval technology Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent	1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Elam - Late Sukkalmah (ir_elam_4)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More