Home Region: Andes (South America and Caribbean)

Cuzco - Late Formative

500 BCE 200 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 pe_cuzco_1 / PeCuzLF

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Cuzco - Formative] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

200 CE 499 CE Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2) [continuity]

General Description

The Formative period in the Cuzco valley (2200-500 BCE) marks the transition from small-scale semi-nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers to sedentary villages associated with ceramic production and agriculture. Traditionally, it has been subdivided into three periods. The Early Formative (2200-1500 BCE) corresponds to the beginning of ceramic production and quinoa cultivation and the establishment of large, permanent villages. ^[1] During the Middle Formative (1500-500 BCE), Marcavalle ceramics appeared and villages grew, possibly leading to the beginnings of ranked village societies. ^[2] The domestication of camelids was also under way. ^[3] The Late Formative (500 BCE-200 CE) saw the emergence of a three-tiered settlement pattern in the Cuzco and Oropesa basins, dominated by the settlement of Wimpillay. ^[4] This period is also known as Chanapata, in reference to a dominant ceramic style discovered in the 1940s. ^[5] It is possible that other small chiefdoms existed in the region: a few early villages have been found near Raqchi in the Chit’apampa Basin, ^[6] and there may have been some small independent polities near Paruro and Cusichaca. ^[7] In the Lucre Basin to the east of modern Cuzco, a small chiefdom may have centred around the site of Choquepukio. ^[7]
Population and political organization
The population of these early polities remains unknown, but over 80 archaeological sites dating to this period have been surveyed in the valley by archaeologist Brian Bauer. ^[5] Some of these were identified as hamlets and small villages, with between a few dozen and a few hundred inhabitants. ^[8] More research is needed in order to understand sociopolitical relations at the time, but Bauer has interpreted the Late Formative as the period in which chiefdoms begin to emerge. ^[9] This process continued and solidified in the Early Intermediate Period.

[1]: (Bauer 2004, 39) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[2]: (Bauer 2004, 40) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[3]: (Bauer 2004, 41) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[4]: (Bauer 2004, 44-45) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[5]: (Bauer 2004, 42) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[6]: (Covey 2006, 61) Alan R. Covey. 2006. How the Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

[7]: (Bauer 2004, 46) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[8]: (Bauer 2004, 43) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[9]: (Bauer 2004, 45) Brian S. Bauer. 2004. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

2 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language Genus

1 Language

Religion

1 Religious Tradition

1 Religion Family

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1) was in:
(1 CE 199 CE)	Cuzco

Home NGA: Cuzco

General Variables

Identity and Location Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	18 L	500 BCE 200 CE
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Utm Zone	19 L	500 BCE 200 CE
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Original Name	Cuzco - Late Formative	500 BCE 200 CE
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Capital	Wimpillay	500 BCE 200 CE
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Alternative Name	Wimpillay	500 BCE 200 CE
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Alternative Name	Chanapata	500 BCE 200 CE
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Temporal Bounds Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	200 CE
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Duration	[500 BCE ➜ 200 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	500 BCE 200 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Lake Titicaca cultural sphere	500 BCE 200 CE
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Succeeding Entity	PeCuzE1	500 BCE 200 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	500 BCE 200 CE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Cuzco - Formative [continuity] Update here
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Succeeding Entity 200 CE 499 CE	Cuzco - Early Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_2) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	none	500 BCE 200 CE
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Language Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	suspected unknown	500 BCE 200 CE
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Language Genus	unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Language	unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Religion Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Religion Family	unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	-	500 BCE 200 CE
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Polity Territory	- Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Polity Population	-	500 BCE 200 CE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	500 BCE 200 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	500 BCE 200 CE
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Professions Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Law Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Irrigation System	Present Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Bridge	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Information / Writing System Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Script	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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History	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Fiction	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Calendar	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Information / Money Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Article	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Information / Postal System Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Information / Measurement System Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	500 BCE 200 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Long Wall	absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Military use of Metals Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Iron	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Copper	Unknown	500 BCE 200 CE
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Bronze	Unknown	500 BCE 200 CE
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Projectiles Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Atlatl	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Handheld weapons Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Sword	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Spear	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Dagger	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Battle Axe	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Animals used in warfare Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Elephant	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Donkey	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Camel	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Armor Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Helmet	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	500 BCE 200 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Naval technology Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown Suspected	500 BCE 200 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	500 BCE 200 CE
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Human Sacrifice Cuzco - Late Formative (pe_cuzco_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More