Home Region: Western Europe (Europe)

Carolingian Empire II

840 CE 987 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 fr_carolingian_emp_2 / FrCarlL

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

752 CE 840 CE Carolingian Empire I (fr_carolingian_emp_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

987 CE 1150 CE Proto-French Kingdom (fr_capetian_k_1) [continuity]

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General Description

Members of the Carolingian Dynasty had served as mayors of the palace under the Merovingian kings from the late 7th century CE onwards, wielding substantial power behind the throne. In 752 CE, however, Childeric III (last of the Merovingian rulers) was deposed and they seized outright control of the Frankish realm. ^[1] ^[2] With the new dynasty the capital moved east: Aachen, or Aix-la-Chapelle, became the main royal residence of the Carolingian monarchs until the empire began to disintegrate in the 9th century. ^[3]
Charlemagne was the most powerful Carolingian king, but after his death in 811 CE, the empire stopped expanding. The year 811 also marked the beginning of a rise in sociopolitical instability that resulted ultimately in a complete split of the kingdom. After the 843 CE Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingian lands were partitioned among Louis the Pious’ sons: Charles took the west, Louis the German the east, and Lothair took the Frankish territory between these two regions. ^[4] The Treaty of Meerssen (870 CE) resulted in the absorption of the central Frankish realm into West and East Francia, forming a boundary that even now endures as the border between France and Germany. ^[5] The empire was briefly reunited from 884 to 887 under Charles the Fat, ^[6] but as a rule the Frankish lands remained politically fragmented from the mid-9th century to 987 CE, when power passed to the Capetian Dynasty. ^[7]
This polity represents the late period of Carolingian rule, from 840 to 987 CE.
Population and political organization
In the Carolingian era, the lands under Frankish control grew considerably and an administrative system was developed in order to govern this large territory. ^[8] One official position that first appeared in this period was the missus dominicus (king’s representative), who could be sent out from the court to inspect the counties and pass on the king’s decrees. ^[9] Decrees were sometimes set down in documents called capitularies. ^[9] However, capitularies post-dating 843 CE are only found in West Francia, and they stopped being produced there too after the death of Charles the Bald in 877. ^[9] ^[10] This might suggest that the office of missus dominicus did not exist beyond that date and did not survive the rise in instability.
The Carolingian kings ruled in an essentially decentralized fashion like the Merovingians before them. Control over the regions was delegated to fief holders, often hereditary vassals of the king. ^[11] The king ruled by decree ^[9] and under Charlemagne (r. 800-814 CE) counties were established as the basic unit of governance. ^[9] Counts were responsible for enforcing local laws, dispensing justice and setting taxes. ^[9] By 850 CE, almost every county in West Francia also had a viscount, who assisted the count in his duties. ^[12]
During Charlemagne’s reign, the population of Gaul probably reached 5 million ^[13] but levels of urbanization were low in these supposed ’dark ages’ of medieval France: no town reached over 10,000 inhabitants between the 8th century and 1000 CE. ^[14]

[1]: (Wood 1994, 292) Wood, Ian. 1994. The Merovingian Kingdoms 450-751. London: Longman. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ARUIRN35.

[2]: (Morby and Rozier 2014) Morby, John E., and Charlie Rozier. 2014. Dynasties of the World. 2nd ed., online edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acref/9780191780073.001.0001. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/3C5IVS6E.

[3]: (Chazelle 1995, 31) Chazelle, Celia. 1995. “Aix-La-Chapelle.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 31-32. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/J93C7T3S.

[4]: (Chazelle 1995, 332) Chazelle, Celia. 1995. “Carolingian Dynasty.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 328-34. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F3ZBDZSD.

[5]: (Chazelle 1995, 332-33) Chazelle, Celia. 1995. “Carolingian Dynasty.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 328-34. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F3ZBDZSD.

[6]: (Chazelle 1995, 333) Chazelle, Celia. 1995. “Carolingian Dynasty.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 328-34. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F3ZBDZSD.

[7]: (Bouchard 1995, 312) Bouchard, Constance B. 1995. “Capetian Dynasty.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 312-17. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNRCJVG.

[8]: (Chazelle 1995, 329-30) Chazelle, Celia. 1995. “Carolingian Dynasty.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 328-34. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F3ZBDZSD.

[9]: (Chazelle 1995, 330) Chazelle, Celia. 1995. “Carolingian Dynasty.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 328-34. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F3ZBDZSD.

[10]: (Chazelle 1995, 318) Chazelle, Celia. 1995. “Capitulary.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 318-19. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/K3U2V585.

[11]: (Nicolle 1995, 18) Nicolle, David. 2005. Carolingian Cavalryman AD 768-987. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/QHXZFXS3.

[12]: (Boulton 1995, 1822) Boulton, D’A. Jonathan D. 1995. “Viscount/Viscounty.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 1822-23. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IZK522AK.

[13]: (Percy, Jr. 1995, 1415) Percy, Jr., William A. 1995. “Population and Demography.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 1415-17. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/QI73FMSM.

[14]: (Percy, Jr. 1995, 1739) Percy, Jr., William A. 1995. “Towns.” In Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn, Lawrence Earp, and John Bell Henneman, Jr., 1739-40. New York: Garland Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z3F9HKUJ.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

2 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

3 Polity Territory

3 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

2 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

12 Power Transition

Instability Events

31 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2) was in:
(840 CE 986 CE)	Paris Basin

Home NGA: Paris Basin

General Variables

Identity and Location Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	31 U	840 CE 987 CE
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Original Name	Carolingian Empire II	840 CE 987 CE
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Capital	Aachen [Aix-la-Chapelle]	840 CE 987 CE
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Alternative Name	Francia	840 CE 987 CE
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Temporal Bounds Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	840 CE
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Duration	[840 CE ➜ 987 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	de_east_francia nominal allegiance to fr_carolingian_emp_2	842 CE 919 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Latin Christendom	840 CE 987 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Proto-French Kingdom	840 CE 987 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	17,000,000 km²	840 CE 987 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	840 CE 987 CE
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Succeeding Entity 987 CE 1150 CE	Proto-French Kingdom (fr_capetian_k_1) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 752 CE 840 CE	Carolingian Empire I (fr_carolingian_emp_1) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	nominal	840 CE 987 CE
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Degree of Centralization	loose	840 CE 987 CE
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Language Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	840 CE 987 CE
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Language	Latin	840 CE 987 CE
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Religion Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Christianity	840 CE 987 CE
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Religion Family	Catholic	840 CE 987 CE
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Religion	Roman Catholic	840 CE 987 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	840 CE 987 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	10,000 people	840 CE 987 CE
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Polity Territory	1,200,000 km²	850 CE
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Polity Territory	800,000 km²	900 CE
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Polity Territory	675,000 km²	950 CE
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Polity Population	[7,000,000 to 9,000,000] people	840 CE 856 CE
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Polity Population	[5,000,000 to 7,000,000] people	857 CE 899 CE
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Polity Population	[4,000,000 to 5,000,000] people	900 CE 987 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	840 CE 987 CE
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Religious Level	[6 to 7]	840 CE 987 CE
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Military Level	[4 to 5]	840 CE 987 CE
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Administrative Level	4	840 CE 987 CE
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Professions Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Law Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Judge	Absent Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Canal	Unknown Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Bridge	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Information / Writing System Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Script	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Sacred Text	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Practical Literature	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Philosophy	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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History	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Fiction	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Calendar	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Information / Money Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Uncoded Undecided	840 CE 987 CE
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Precious Metal	Present Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Article	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Information / Postal System Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Courier	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Information / Measurement System Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Moat	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Ditch	Present Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Long Wall	absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Military use of Metals Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Iron	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Copper	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Bronze	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Projectiles Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Sling	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Self Bow	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Javelin	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Crossbow	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Handheld weapons Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Absent Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Sword	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Spear	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Dagger	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Animals used in warfare Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Elephant	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Donkey	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Dog	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Camel	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Armor Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	840 CE 987 CE
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Shield	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	840 CE 987 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	840 CE 987 CE
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Helmet	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Chainmail	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Breastplate	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Naval technology Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	840 CE 987 CE
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Human Sacrifice Carolingian Empire II (fr_carolingian_emp_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More