Home Region: Pakistan (South Asia)

Sind - Samma Dynasty

1335 CE 1521 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 pk_samma_dyn / PkSind2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1206 CE 1526 CE Delhi Sultanate (in_delhi_sultanate) [None]

Succeeding Entity:

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General Description

The Kachi Plain, in modern-day Pakistan, is hemmed in on two of its three sides by the mountains of Baluchistan, while its southeastern side opens up to the Indus Valley. ^[1] The region it is part of, Sindh (also known as Sind), was ruled, between the mid-fourteenth century and the 1520s, by the Samma dynasty. In the fourteenth century, the latter faced a precarious geopolitical position, courting friendship with the Mongols as a counterbalance of the more immediate threat presented by the Delhi Sultanate. After that, the Samma were able to rule over Sind somewhat uneventfully, until 1520, when Shah Begh Argun, followed swiftly by Babur, founder of Mughal dynasty, conquered the region. The Arguns continued to govern Sind up until 1591, when it was fully integrated into the Mughal empire. ^[2] ^[3]
Population and political organization
Panwhar believes that the population of Sind at this time is unlikely to have exceeded one million ^[4] , though Lakho provides an estimate of 2,200,000. ^[5] As for political organization, the polity was ruled by a jam, who delegated power over regions and districts to specially appointed governors, who were closely related to the emir himself. ^[6]

[1]: (Jarrige & Enault 1976, 29) Jean-Francois Jarrige and Jean-Francois Enault. 1976. Fouilles de Pirak. Arts Asiatiques 32: 29-70.

[2]: (Lakho 2006, 3-5) Ghulam Muhammad Lakho. 2006. The Samma Kingdom of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindhology

[3]: (Asimov and Bosworth 1998, 300-302) M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth. 1998. "History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, The Age of Achievement, AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One, The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, Multiple History Series." Paris: UNESCO.

[4]: (Panwhar 1983, 189) M.H. Panwhar. 1983. Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindology.

[5]: (Lakho 2006, 185-186) Ghulam Muhammad Lakho. 2006. The Samma Kingdom of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindhology

[6]: (Panwhar 2003, 134) M.H. Panwhar. 2003. An illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of the Sindh. Karachi: Sangam Publications.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

3 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

2 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

2 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Source Of Support

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

2 Judge

2 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Irrigation System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Port

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

3 Handheld Firearm

3 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

18 Power Transition

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn) was in:
(1340 CE 1519 CE)	Kachi Plain

Home NGA: Kachi Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	42 R	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Original Name	Sind - Samma Dynasty	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Capital	Thatta	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Temporal Bounds Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1486 CE
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Duration	[1335 CE ➜ 1521 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	none	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	vassalage to [---]	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Mughal Empire	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Preceding Entity 1206 CE 1526 CE	Delhi Sultanate (in_delhi_sultanate) [None]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Language Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-Aryan	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Language	Sindhi	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Language	Punjabi	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Religion Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Islam	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Religion Family	Shia	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Religion	Ismaili	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Islam	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Alternate Religion Family	Sufi	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	- Undecided	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Polity Territory	140,914 km²	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Polity Population	1,000,000 people	1335 CE
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Polity Population	2,200,000 people	1520 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Religious Level	2	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Military Level	3	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Administrative Level	3	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Professions Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Source Of Support	uncoded Undecided	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Merit Promotion	Uncoded Undecided	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Uncoded Undecided	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Law Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Judge	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Judge	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Court	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Irrigation System	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Port	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Information / Writing System Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Script	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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History	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Fiction	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Calendar	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Information / Money Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Information / Postal System Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Information / Measurement System Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Modern Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Moat	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Ditch	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Long Wall	absent	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Military use of Metals Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Iron	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Projectiles Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent Inferred	1335 CE 1399 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Unknown Suspected	1400 CE 1449 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Present	1450 CE 1521 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent Inferred	1335 CE 1399 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Unknown Suspected	1400 CE 1449 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Present	1450 CE 1521 CE
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Crossbow	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Composite Bow	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Handheld weapons Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Sword	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Spear	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Dagger	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Animals used in warfare Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Elephant	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Armor Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Shield	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Limb Protection	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Helmet	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Breastplate	Present Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Naval technology Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1335 CE 1521 CE
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Human Sacrifice Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More