Home Region:  Pakistan (South Asia)

Sind - Samma Dynasty

1335 CE 1521 CE
D G SC WF RG EQ 2020  pk_samma_dyn / PkSind2
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
1206 CE 1526 CE Delhi Sultanate (in_delhi_sultanate)    [None]

Succeeding Entity:
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Displayed: 1486 CE

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  General Description   The Kachi Plain, in modern-day Pakistan, is hemmed in on two of its three sides by the mountains of Baluchistan, while its southeastern side opens up to the Indus Valley. [1] The region it is part of, Sindh (also known as Sind), was ruled, between the mid-fourteenth century and the 1520s, by the Samma dynasty. In the fourteenth century, the latter faced a precarious geopolitical position, courting friendship with the Mongols as a counterbalance of the more immediate threat presented by the Delhi Sultanate. After that, the Samma were able to rule over Sind somewhat uneventfully, until 1520, when Shah Begh Argun, followed swiftly by Babur, founder of Mughal dynasty, conquered the region. The Arguns continued to govern Sind up until 1591, when it was fully integrated into the Mughal empire. [2] [3]
Population and political organization
Panwhar believes that the population of Sind at this time is unlikely to have exceeded one million [4] , though Lakho provides an estimate of 2,200,000. [5] As for political organization, the polity was ruled by a jam, who delegated power over regions and districts to specially appointed governors, who were closely related to the emir himself. [6]

[1]: (Jarrige & Enault 1976, 29) Jean-Francois Jarrige and Jean-Francois Enault. 1976. Fouilles de Pirak. Arts Asiatiques 32: 29-70.

[2]: (Lakho 2006, 3-5) Ghulam Muhammad Lakho. 2006. The Samma Kingdom of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindhology

[3]: (Asimov and Bosworth 1998, 300-302) M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth. 1998. "History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, The Age of Achievement, AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One, The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, Multiple History Series." Paris: UNESCO.

[4]: (Panwhar 1983, 189) M.H. Panwhar. 1983. Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindology.

[5]: (Lakho 2006, 185-186) Ghulam Muhammad Lakho. 2006. The Samma Kingdom of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindhology

[6]: (Panwhar 2003, 134) M.H. Panwhar. 2003. An illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of the Sindh. Karachi: Sangam Publications.

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information / Writing System
Information / Kinds of Written Documents
Information / Money
Information / Postal System
Information / Measurement System
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn) was in:
 (1340 CE 1519 CE)   Kachi Plain
Home NGA: Kachi Plain
General Variables
Identity and Location Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Utm Zone 42 R Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Original Name Sind - Samma Dynasty Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Capital Thatta Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Temporal Bounds Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Peak Years 1486 CE Confident
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Duration [1335 CE ➜ 1521 CE] Confident
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Political and Cultural Relations Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Suprapolity Relations none Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Suprapolity Relations none Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Suprapolity Relations vassalage to [---] Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Succeeding Entity Mughal Empire Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Preceding Entity
1206 CE 1526 CE
Delhi Sultanate (in_delhi_sultanate)   [None]  Confident
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Degree of Centralization unitary state Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Language Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Linguistic Family Indo-Aryan Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Language Sindhi Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Language Punjabi Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Religion Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Religion Genus Islam Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Religion Family Shia Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Religion Ismaili Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus Islam Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Alternate Religion Family Sufi Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Alternate Religion Uncoded Undecided 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Population of the Largest Settlement - Undecided 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Polity Territory 140,914 km2 Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Polity Population 1,000,000 people Confident 1335 CE
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Polity Population 2,200,000 people Confident 1520 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy 3 Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Religious Level 2 Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Military Level 3 Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Administrative Level 3 Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Professions Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Professional Priesthood Absent Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Professional Military Officer Absent Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Source Of Support uncoded Undecided 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Merit Promotion Uncoded Undecided 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat Uncoded Undecided 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Examination System Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Law Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Judge Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Judge Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
Court Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Irrigation System Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Port Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Mines or Quarry Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Information / Writing System Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Script Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Nonwritten Record Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing Absent Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Scientific Literature Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Sacred Text Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Religious Literature Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Practical Literature Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Philosophy Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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History Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Fiction Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Calendar Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Information / Money Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Token Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Indigenous Coin Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Foreign Coin Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Information / Postal System Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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General Postal Service Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Courier Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Information / Measurement System Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Modern Fortification Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Moat Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Fortified Camp Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Earth Rampart Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Ditch Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Complex Fortification Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Long Wall absent Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Military use of Metals Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Iron Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Copper Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Bronze Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Projectiles Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Sling Siege Engine Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Sling Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Self Bow Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Javelin Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Handheld Firearm Absent Inferred 1335 CE 1399 CE
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Handheld Firearm Unknown Suspected 1400 CE 1449 CE
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Handheld Firearm Present Confident 1450 CE 1521 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Absent Inferred 1335 CE 1399 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Unknown Suspected 1400 CE 1449 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Present Confident 1450 CE 1521 CE
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Crossbow Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Composite Bow Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Atlatl Absent Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Handheld weapons Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
War Club Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Sword Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Spear Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Polearm Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Dagger Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Battle Axe Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Animals used in warfare Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Horse Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Elephant Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Donkey Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Dog Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Camel Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Armor Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wood Bark Etc Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Shield Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Scaled Armor Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Plate Armor Absent Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Limb Protection Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Leather Cloth Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Laminar Armor Unknown Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Helmet Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Chainmail Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Breastplate Present Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Naval technology Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel Absent Inferred 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service Unknown Suspected 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain Present Confident 1335 CE  1521 CE
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Human Sacrifice Sind - Samma Dynasty (pk_samma_dyn)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Crisis Cases
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Instability Data
Power Transitions
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