Home Region: Iran (Southwest Asia)

Susa II

3800 BCE 3100 BCE

D G SC WF

EQ 2020 ir_susa_2 / IrSusa2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

4300 BCE 3800 BCE Susa I (ir_susa_1) [None]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

3100 BCE 2675 BCE Susa III (ir_susa_3) [None]

General Description

^[1]
Uruk (IrSusa1)"Sometime during the fourth millennium, in the urban center of Uruk (for which the archaeological period is named), southern Mesopotamia acquired a specifically Sumerian historical identity. With the introduction of a system of writing, a gradual development from an earlier accounting system, a radical change occurred in the social organization and in the very foundations of thought. ... Susa, in its earliest period (Susa I) attached to the world of the Iranian plateau, was now (in Susa II) integrated into the early Sumerian civilization of Mesopotamia, which it interpreted with originality. Precise stratigraphic excavations conducted in recent decades have allowed us to trace developments at Susa in the Uruk phase, notably of an accounting system that preceded the slightly later appearance of writing." ^[2]

Chronology for Iran ^[3]
Uruk colonies
Proto-Elamite period 3100-2700 BCE
Awan 2350-2200 BCE (contemporaneous with Akkad in Lower Mesopotamia)
Simash 2050-1950 BCE
Sukkalmah 1900-1750 BCE
Middle Elamite kingdom c1300-1100 BCE
Neo-Elamite kingdom 750-650 BCE
Media 650-550 BCE
Susa - Tal-i Malyan (Anshan, Anzan) [450-550] KM2.

Liverani 2014 chronology for Isin-Larsa period 2000-1750 BCE ^[4] Elam ^[5]
2000 BCE Shimashki dynasty, Kindattu c2000 BCE ... Indattu II c1925 BCE (last or last known)
1900 BCE Sukkalmah dynasty, Ebarat c1900 BCE ... Kuduzulush c1765 BCE (last or last known)

"Susa ... began its political life around 6000 BC, first as a city-state, then as an empire rivaling Sumer in Mesopotamia, and subsequently as the capital of one of the oldest empires of antiquity, Elam, around 3000 BC." ^[6]
"Thus the earliest experience of state tradition and administrative functions on a massive scale in Iran began around 6000 BC." ^[6]
"The main instrument of public administration and governance under the long history of the federal state of Elam was the bureaucracy, which also played a powerful role under the Median and the Persian empires." ^[6]
"Unlike the small city-state of Sumer, the Elamite empire was formed and administered on a massive scale and governed a large territory comprising present Iran and a major part of the Near East, at times including Babylonia and Assyria, for over 2500 years." ^[6]
"Their bureaucratic contacts with the Assyrians and Babylonians gave them useful insights. However, being a rival to Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria, the Elamite federal government developed the first Iranian tradition of public administration on a massive scale, though that tradition originated much earlier in the great city-state of Susa." ^[6]
"development of an active intergovernmental management and federalism, perhaps the earliest in history." ^[7]
"In the cities, thriving activities reigned, where along with the villages, professions of all kinds flourished, showing clear evidence of variety and stratification of professional and, hence, social classes in ancient Elam." ^[7]
"The development of centers on the Susiana plane, beginning with Middle Cha1colithic Chogha Mish and culminating in the rise of Susa during the Late Chalcolithic. suggests a trend towards regional control in some economic and administrative activities (Delougaz and Kantor 1996, Hole 1987b: 89-90). This trend towards centralization may also be suggested by the presence of possible elite or "Khan’s" houses during this time at several sites (Hole 1987a: 41). In spite of these trends, Chalcolithic society throughout Khuzistan presents a strong egalitarian appearance. During the Middle and Late Chalcolithic, differential access to resources may have involved less archaeological1y visible items such as staples. access to water, and control over labor, as it appears to have done at this time in Mesopotamia (Stein 1994)." ^[8] The Middle Chalcolithic corresponds to 4800-3900 BCE and the Late Chalcolithic corresponds to 3900-3500 BCE in this book.

[1]: (Johnson 1987, 131) Johnson, Gregory A. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.

[2]: (Amiet, Chevalier and Carter 1992, 4) Amiet, Pierre. Chevalier, Nicole. Carter, Elizabeth. in Harper, Prudence O. Aruz, Joan. Tallon, Francoise. eds. 1992. The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[3]: (Leverani 2014, 513) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.

[4]: (Leverani 2014, 192-193) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.

[5]: (Leverani 2014, 193) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.

[6]: (Farazmand 2009, 21) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.

[7]: (Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.

[8]: (Peasnall in Peregrine and Ember 2002, 173)

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

5 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

5 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

2 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

7 Administrative Level

Professions

2 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Canal

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

1 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Susa II (ir_susa_2) was in:
(3800 BCE 3101 BCE)	Susiana

Home NGA: Susiana

General Variables

Identity and Location Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	39 R	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Original Name	Susa II	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Capital	Susa	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Alternative Name	Bayat	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Alternative Name	Susa A	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Alternative Name	Susa B	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Alternative Name	Early Banesh	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Alternative Name	Middle Banesh	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[3800 BCE ➜ 3100 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Supracultural Entity	Sumerian	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Susa III	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Preceding Entity 4300 BCE 3800 BCE	Susa I (ir_susa_1) [None]
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Succeeding Entity 3100 BCE 2675 BCE	Susa III (ir_susa_3) [None]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Language Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Language	Sumerian	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Religion Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[250 to 1,000] people	3800 BCE 3601 BCE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	[1,250 to 5,000] people	3600 BCE 3101 BCE
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Polity Territory	- Undecided	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Polity Population	[10,000 to 19,000] people	3800 BCE 3501 BCE
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Polity Population	[10,000 to 25,000] people	3500 BCE 3401 BCE
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Polity Population	[21,000 to 25,000] people	3400 BCE 3201 BCE
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Polity Population	6,900 people	3200 BCE 3101 BCE
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Polity Population	6,900 people	3,100 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	3800 BCE 3501 BCE
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Settlement Hierarchy	4	3500 BCE 3101 BCE
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Religious Level	[2 to 3]	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Military Level	[2 to 3]	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Administrative Level	3	3,700 BCE
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Administrative Level	3	3,600 BCE
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Administrative Level	[3 to 4]	3,500 BCE
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Administrative Level	4	3,400 BCE
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Administrative Level	4	3,300 BCE
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Administrative Level	4	3,200 BCE
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Administrative Level	4	3,100 BCE
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Professions Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Uncertain	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Professional Soldier	Present Uncertain	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Law Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Uncoded Undecided	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Irrigation System	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Canal	Absent Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Information / Writing System Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Script	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Uncoded Undecided	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Sacred Text	Uncoded Undecided	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Religious Literature	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Practical Literature	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Information / Money Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Precious Metal	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Paper Currency	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Article	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Information / Postal System Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Courier	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Military use of Metals Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Iron	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Copper	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Bronze	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Projectiles Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Sling	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Composite Bow	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Handheld weapons Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Sword	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Spear	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Polearm	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Dagger	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Dog	Present	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Camel	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Armor Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Limb Protection	Absent Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Helmet	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent Inferred	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Breastplate	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Naval technology Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown Suspected	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Susa II (ir_susa_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More