Home Region: Pakistan (South Asia)

Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period

854 CE 1193 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid / PkSind1

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General Description

The Kachi Plain, in modern-day Pakistan, is hemmed in on two of its three sides by the mountains of Baluchistan, while its southeastern side opens up to the Indus Valley. ^[1] The region it is part of, Sindh (also known as Sind), was a vital tribute paying territory of the Arab empire, first under the Ummayad and then the Abbasid Caliphates. However, in 836 CE, the Abbasid Caliphate lost control of its western territories, and Sind plunged into a civil war. ^[2] Here we consider the period going from the middle of the ninth century, when the Habari lineage became rulers of an independent Sind, to the middle of the thirteenth, when the Samma dynasty seized power. Throughout these centuries, Sind experienced a peaceful power transition from the Habari to the Soomra, in 1010, annexation to the Delhi Sultanate, and a long civil war caused by political instability resulting from Mongol invasions. ^[3]
Population and political organization
Panwhar believes that the population of Sind at this time is unlikely to have exceeded one million. ^[4] As for political organization, the polity was ruled by an emir, who delegated power over regions and districts to specially appointed governors, who were closely related to the emir himself. ^[5]

[1]: (Jarrige & Enault 1976, 29) Jean-Francois Jarrige and Jean-Francois Enault. 1976. Fouilles de Pirak. Arts Asiatiques 32: 29-70.

[2]: (Panwhar 1983, 178-179) M.H. Panwhar. 1983. Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindology.

[3]: (Panwhar 1983, 19-33, 188, 293-294) M.H. Panwhar. 1983. Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindology.

[4]: (Panwhar 1983, 189) M.H. Panwhar. 1983. Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindology.

[5]: (Panwhar 2003, 134) M.H. Panwhar. 2003. An illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of the Sindh. Karachi: Sangam Publications.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

5 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

3 Suprapolity Relations

3 Degree of Centralization

Language

2 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

2 Religion Family

2 Religion

2 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Source Of Support

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Irrigation System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Port

Special-purpose Sites

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Dagger

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid) was in:
(862 CE 1192 CE)	Kachi Plain

Home NGA: Kachi Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	42 R	854 CE 1193 CE
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Original Name	Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period	854 CE 1193 CE
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Capital	Bania	854 CE 1193 CE
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Capital	Mansura	854 CE 1193 CE
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Capital	Thatta	854 CE 1193 CE
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Capital	Muhammed Tur	854 CE 1193 CE
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Capital	Thatta	854 CE 1193 CE
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Alternative Name	Habari Amirate of Mansura	854 CE 1193 CE
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Alternative Name	Habari Arab Kingdom	854 CE 1193 CE
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Alternative Name	Soomras of Sindh	854 CE 1193 CE
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Temporal Bounds Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	985 CE
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Duration	[854 CE ➜ 1193 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	nominal allegiance to [---]	854 CE 1193 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	none	854 CE 1193 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	vassalage to [---]	854 CE 1193 CE
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	854 CE 1193 CE
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Degree of Centralization	loose	854 CE 1193 CE
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Degree of Centralization	nominal	854 CE 1193 CE
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Language Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Language	Sindhi	854 CE 1193 CE
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Language	Arabic	854 CE 1193 CE
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Religion Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Islam	854 CE 1193 CE
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Religion Family	Sunni	854 CE 1193 CE
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Religion Family	Shia	854 CE 1193 CE
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Religion	Sunni	854 CE 1193 CE
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Religion	Shia	854 CE 1193 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Buddhism	854 CE 1193 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Hinduism	854 CE 1193 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	854 CE 1193 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	- Undecided	854 CE 1193 CE
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Polity Territory	140,914 km²	854 CE 1193 CE
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Polity Population	1,000,000 people	854 CE 1193 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	854 CE 1193 CE
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Religious Level	2	854 CE 1193 CE
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Military Level	3	854 CE 1193 CE
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Administrative Level	3	854 CE 1193 CE
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Professions Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	854 CE 1193 CE
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Source Of Support	uncoded Undecided	854 CE 1193 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Law Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Judge	Present Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Court	Present Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Irrigation System	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Port	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Writing System Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Script	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	854 CE 1193 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Practical Literature	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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History	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Fiction	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Calendar	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Information / Money Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Information / Postal System Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Information / Measurement System Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	854 CE 1193 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Military use of Metals Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Iron	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Projectiles Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Self Bow	Absent Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Javelin	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	854 CE 1193 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	854 CE 1193 CE
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Crossbow	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Atlatl	Absent Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Handheld weapons Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Sword	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Spear	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Dagger	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Animals used in warfare Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Elephant	Present Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Camel	Present Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Armor Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Shield	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	854 CE 1193 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Helmet	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Chainmail	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Breastplate	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Naval technology Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	854 CE 1193 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	854 CE 1193 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	854 CE 1193 CE
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Human Sacrifice Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More