Home Region:  Pakistan (South Asia)

Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period

854 CE 1193 CE
D G SC WF RG EQ 2020  pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid / PkSind1
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Succeeding Entity:
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Displayed: 985 CE

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  General Description   The Kachi Plain, in modern-day Pakistan, is hemmed in on two of its three sides by the mountains of Baluchistan, while its southeastern side opens up to the Indus Valley. [1] The region it is part of, Sindh (also known as Sind), was a vital tribute paying territory of the Arab empire, first under the Ummayad and then the Abbasid Caliphates. However, in 836 CE, the Abbasid Caliphate lost control of its western territories, and Sind plunged into a civil war. [2] Here we consider the period going from the middle of the ninth century, when the Habari lineage became rulers of an independent Sind, to the middle of the thirteenth, when the Samma dynasty seized power. Throughout these centuries, Sind experienced a peaceful power transition from the Habari to the Soomra, in 1010, annexation to the Delhi Sultanate, and a long civil war caused by political instability resulting from Mongol invasions. [3]
Population and political organization
Panwhar believes that the population of Sind at this time is unlikely to have exceeded one million. [4] As for political organization, the polity was ruled by an emir, who delegated power over regions and districts to specially appointed governors, who were closely related to the emir himself. [5]

[1]: (Jarrige & Enault 1976, 29) Jean-Francois Jarrige and Jean-Francois Enault. 1976. Fouilles de Pirak. Arts Asiatiques 32: 29-70.

[2]: (Panwhar 1983, 178-179) M.H. Panwhar. 1983. Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindology.

[3]: (Panwhar 1983, 19-33, 188, 293-294) M.H. Panwhar. 1983. Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindology.

[4]: (Panwhar 1983, 189) M.H. Panwhar. 1983. Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Karachi: Institute of Sindology.

[5]: (Panwhar 2003, 134) M.H. Panwhar. 2003. An illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of the Sindh. Karachi: Sangam Publications.

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information / Writing System
Information / Kinds of Written Documents
Information / Money
Information / Postal System
Information / Measurement System
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid) was in:
 (862 CE 1192 CE)   Kachi Plain
Home NGA: Kachi Plain
General Variables
Identity and Location Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Utm Zone 42 R Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Original Name Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Capital Bania Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Capital Mansura Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Capital Thatta Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Capital Muhammed Tur Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Capital Thatta Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Alternative Name Habari Amirate of Mansura Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Alternative Name Habari Arab Kingdom Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Alternative Name Soomras of Sindh Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Temporal Bounds Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Peak Years 985 CE Confident
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Duration [854 CE ➜ 1193 CE] Confident
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Political and Cultural Relations Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Suprapolity Relations nominal allegiance to [---] Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Suprapolity Relations none Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Suprapolity Relations vassalage to [---] Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Degree of Centralization unitary state Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Degree of Centralization loose Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Degree of Centralization nominal Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Language Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Language Sindhi Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Language Arabic Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Religion Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Religion Genus Islam Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Religion Family Sunni Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Religion Family Shia Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Religion Sunni Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Religion Shia Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus Buddhism Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus Hinduism Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Alternate Religion Uncoded Undecided 854 CE  1193 CE
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Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Population of the Largest Settlement - Undecided 854 CE  1193 CE
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Polity Territory 140,914 km2 Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Polity Population 1,000,000 people Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy 3 Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Religious Level 2 Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Military Level 3 Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Administrative Level 3 Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Professions Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Professional Priesthood Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Professional Military Officer Absent Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Source Of Support uncoded Undecided 854 CE  1193 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Merit Promotion Absent Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Examination System Absent Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Law Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer Present Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Judge Present Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
Court Present Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Irrigation System Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Port Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Information / Writing System Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Script Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Nonwritten Record Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing Absent Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Scientific Literature Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Sacred Text Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Religious Literature Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Practical Literature Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Philosophy Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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History Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Fiction Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Calendar Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Information / Money Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Token Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Indigenous Coin Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Foreign Coin Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Information / Postal System Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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General Postal Service Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Courier Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Information / Measurement System Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Modern Fortification Absent Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Moat Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Earth Rampart Present Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Ditch Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Complex Fortification Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Military use of Metals Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Iron Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Copper Present Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Bronze Present Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Projectiles Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Sling Siege Engine Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Sling Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Self Bow Absent Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Javelin Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Handheld Firearm Absent Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Absent Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Crossbow Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Composite Bow Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Atlatl Absent Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Handheld weapons Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
War Club Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Sword Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Spear Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Dagger Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Animals used in warfare Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Horse Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Elephant Present Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Donkey Present Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Dog Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Camel Present Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Armor Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wood Bark Etc Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Shield Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Scaled Armor Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Plate Armor Absent Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Limb Protection Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Leather Cloth Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Laminar Armor Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Helmet Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Chainmail Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Breastplate Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Naval technology Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel Absent Inferred 854 CE  1193 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service Unknown Suspected 854 CE  1193 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain Present Confident 854 CE  1193 CE
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Human Sacrifice Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period (pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Crisis Cases
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Instability Data
Power Transitions
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