Home Region: Mongolia (Central and Northern Eurasia)

Second Turk Khaganate

682 CE 744 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 mn_turk_khaganate_2 / MnTurk2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[cultural assimilation; Tang Dynasty] [absorption] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

745 CE 840 CE Uigur Khaganate (mn_uygur_khaganate) [continuity]

General Description

The Orkhon Valley lies either side of the Orkhon River, in north-central Mongolia. For just under a century, between about 550 and 630 CE, it had been under the control of a Turkic khaganate, ^[1] which had soon succumbed o a combination of internal rebellions and an invasion from Tang China, around 630 CE. ^[2] In the 680s, the Turks managed to establish a new khaganate, and for decades they were able to extract tribute from China; by 744, however, this new khaganate also collapsed, following a decade of in-fighting resulting from the assassination of the khagan Bilgee. ^[2] At its height, the khaganate
Like many of their predecessors in the region, the Turks were nomads. Moreover, like the previous Turkic khaganate, this second one was characterised by a four-tiered administrative hierarchy. At the top of this hierarchy there were the khagan and his kinsmen, followed by the khagan’s counsellors, who were responsible for military, administrative, diplomatic, and legal operations. Finally, like preceding nomadic empires in the region going as far back as the Xiongnu, this khaganate was divided into a western and an eastern portion, to facilitate both administrative and military organization. ^[3]
No population estimates specific to this polity could be found in the literature, though, according to McEvedy and Jones, at that time Mongolia and Siberia together likely had a population of no more than 500,000. ^[4]

[1]: (Hosszú 2012, 285)

[2]: (Rogers 2012, 226)

[3]: (Klyashtorny 1996, 332)

[4]: (McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.

General Variables

Identity and Location

2 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

2 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

2 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

1 Trading Emporia

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2) was in:
(684 CE 744 CE)	Orkhon Valley

Home NGA: Orkhon Valley

General Variables

Identity and Location Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	47 T	682 CE 744 CE
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Utm Zone	48 T	682 CE 744 CE
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Original Name	Second Turk Khaganate	682 CE 744 CE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital)	682 CE 744 CE
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Temporal Bounds Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[691 CE ➜ 716 CE]
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Duration	[682 CE ➜ 744 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	mn_turk_khaganate_2 alliance with cn_sui_dyn	682 CE 744 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	mn_turk_khaganate_2 alliance with cn_tang_dyn_1	682 CE 744 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Uighur Khaganate	682 CE 744 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	cultural assimilation	682 CE 744 CE
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Succeeding Entity 745 CE 840 CE	Uigur Khaganate (mn_uygur_khaganate) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity	cultural assimilation; Tang Dynasty [absorption] Update here
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Degree of Centralization	loose	682 CE 744 CE
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	682 CE 744 CE
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Language Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Oghuz	682 CE 744 CE
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Language	Old Turkic	682 CE 744 CE
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Religion Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Polity Territory	[3,000,000 to 4,000,000] km²	682 CE 744 CE
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Polity Population	[400,000 to 500,000] people	682 CE 744 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	2	682 CE 744 CE
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Religious Level	2	682 CE 744 CE
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Military Level	[3 to 4]	682 CE 744 CE
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Administrative Level	4	682 CE 744 CE
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Professions Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Law Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Irrigation System	Absent Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Port	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Bridge	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Trading Emporia	Uncoded Undecided	682 CE 744 CE
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Information / Writing System Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Script	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Sacred Text	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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History	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Fiction	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Information / Money Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Article	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Information / Postal System Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Information / Measurement System Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Moat	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Earth Rampart	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Ditch	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Long Wall	absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Military use of Metals Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Iron	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Projectiles Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Crossbow	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Atlatl	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Handheld weapons Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Sword	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Spear	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Dagger	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Battle Axe	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Animals used in warfare Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	682 CE 744 CE
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Elephant	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Armor Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Shield	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	682 CE 744 CE
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Naval technology Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	682 CE 744 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Uncoded	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	682 CE 744 CE
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Human Sacrifice Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More