Home Region:  Mongolia (Central and Northern Eurasia)

Second Turk Khaganate

682 CE 744 CE
D G SC WF RG CC EQ 2020  mn_turk_khaganate_2 / MnTurk2
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
[cultural assimilation; Tang Dynasty] [absorption]   Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.
745 CE 840 CE Uigur Khaganate (mn_uygur_khaganate)    [continuity]


  General Description   The Orkhon Valley lies either side of the Orkhon River, in north-central Mongolia. For just under a century, between about 550 and 630 CE, it had been under the control of a Turkic khaganate, [1] which had soon succumbed o a combination of internal rebellions and an invasion from Tang China, around 630 CE. [2] In the 680s, the Turks managed to establish a new khaganate, and for decades they were able to extract tribute from China; by 744, however, this new khaganate also collapsed, following a decade of in-fighting resulting from the assassination of the khagan Bilgee. [2] At its height, the khaganate
Like many of their predecessors in the region, the Turks were nomads. Moreover, like the previous Turkic khaganate, this second one was characterised by a four-tiered administrative hierarchy. At the top of this hierarchy there were the khagan and his kinsmen, followed by the khagan’s counsellors, who were responsible for military, administrative, diplomatic, and legal operations. Finally, like preceding nomadic empires in the region going as far back as the Xiongnu, this khaganate was divided into a western and an eastern portion, to facilitate both administrative and military organization. [3]
No population estimates specific to this polity could be found in the literature, though, according to McEvedy and Jones, at that time Mongolia and Siberia together likely had a population of no more than 500,000. [4]

[1]: (Hosszú 2012, 285)

[2]: (Rogers 2012, 226)

[3]: (Klyashtorny 1996, 332)

[4]: (McEvedy and Jones 1978) McEvedy, Colin. Jones, Richard. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd. London.

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information / Writing System
Information / Kinds of Written Documents
Information / Money
Information / Postal System
Information / Measurement System
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2) was in:
 (684 CE 744 CE)   Orkhon Valley
Home NGA: Orkhon Valley
General Variables
Identity and Location Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Utm Zone 47 T Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Utm Zone 48 T Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Original Name Second Turk Khaganate Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Capital None (Absent Capital) Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Temporal Bounds Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Peak Years [691 CE ➜ 716 CE] Confident
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Duration [682 CE ➜ 744 CE] Confident
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Political and Cultural Relations Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Suprapolity Relations mn_turk_khaganate_2 alliance with cn_sui_dyn Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Suprapolity Relations mn_turk_khaganate_2 alliance with cn_tang_dyn_1 Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Succeeding Entity Uighur Khaganate Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity cultural assimilation Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Succeeding Entity
745 CE 840 CE
Uigur Khaganate (mn_uygur_khaganate)   [continuity]  Confident
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Preceding Entity
CE
cultural assimilation; Tang Dynasty [absorption]    Update here
Confident
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Degree of Centralization loose Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Degree of Centralization confederated state Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Language Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Linguistic Family Oghuz Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Language Old Turkic Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Religion Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Polity Territory [3,000,000 to 4,000,000] km2 Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Polity Population [400,000 to 500,000] people Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy 2 Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Religious Level 2 Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Military Level [3 to 4] Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Administrative Level 4 Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Professions Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Professional Priesthood Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Professional Military Officer Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Merit Promotion Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Examination System Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Law Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Judge Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
Court Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Market Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Irrigation System Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Food Storage Site Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Road Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Port Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Canal Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Bridge Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Mines or Quarry Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Trading Emporia Uncoded Undecided 682 CE  744 CE
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Information / Writing System Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Script Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Nonwritten Record Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Mnemonic Device Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Scientific Literature Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Sacred Text Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Religious Literature Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Practical Literature Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Philosophy Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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History Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Fiction Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Calendar Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Information / Money Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Token Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Precious Metal Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Paper Currency Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Indigenous Coin Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Foreign Coin Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Article Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Information / Postal System Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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General Postal Service Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Courier Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Information / Measurement System Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Modern Fortification Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Moat Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Fortified Camp Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Earth Rampart Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Ditch Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Complex Fortification Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Long Wall absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Military use of Metals Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Iron Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Copper Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Bronze Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Projectiles Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Sling Siege Engine Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Sling Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Self Bow Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Javelin Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Handheld Firearm Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Crossbow Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Composite Bow Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Atlatl Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Handheld weapons Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
War Club Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Sword Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Spear Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Polearm Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Dagger Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Battle Axe Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Animals used in warfare Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Horse Present Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Elephant Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Donkey Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Dog Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Camel Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Armor Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wood Bark Etc Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Shield Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Scaled Armor Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Plate Armor Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Limb Protection Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Leather Cloth Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Laminar Armor Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Helmet Present Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Chainmail Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Breastplate Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Naval technology Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service Absent Confident 682 CE  744 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain Absent Inferred 682 CE  744 CE
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Human Sacrifice Second Turk Khaganate (mn_turk_khaganate_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Crisis Cases
View all Crisis Cases
Instability Data
Power Transitions
View all Power Transitions