Home Region: Northeast Africa (Africa)

Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom

2650 BCE 2350 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 eg_old_k_1 / EgOldK1

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

2900 BCE 2687 BCE Egypt - Dynasty II (eg_dynasty_2) [None]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

2350 BCE 2150 BCE Egypt - Late Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_2) [continuity]

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General Description

The Old Kingdom period of Egypt covers the Third to Sixth ruling Dynasties, a period stretching from about 2650 to 2150 BCE. Seshat divides this period into two groups, the ’Classic’ Old Kingdom period, covering the First through Fifth Dynasties (roughly 2650-2350 BCE), and the ’Late’ Old Kingdom, comprising the turbulent Sixth Dynasty (2350-2150 BCE). The Fifth Dynasty, with its complex and effective administrative systems, is considered to be the high point for the centralization of the Old Kingdom government.
Population and political organization
During the Old Kingdom of Egypt, a god-king based in Memphis extended his reach along the Nile river through a network of royal centres, military towers and agricultural domains. ^[1] Few documents survive from the period; what evidence there is suggests that Egypt had become a centrally planned and administered state. ^[2] During the Third Dynasty, high positions within the central administration were characteristically ‒ but not exclusively ‒ the preserve of the king’s family. A notable exception was the chancellor and high priest Imhotep, the architect of Djoser’s famous funerary complex which housed (among other buildings) the Step Pyramid. During the Fourth Dynasty, the number of officials from outside the king’s family increased within the Egyptian administration, a trend which peaked in the Fifth Dynasty when the vizier became a powerful figure in his own right. The vizier oversaw the palace government’s granaries and treasuries, within which there were specialized departments and hierarchies of scribes. ^[3] One of the best known literary works of the Old Kingdom, The Maxims of Ptahhotep ‒ an invaluable source on Egyptian officialdom ‒ was written by a vizier at the end of the Fifth Dynasty. ^[4] According to Egyptologist Hratch Papazian, however, a true hierarchical bureaucracy emerged only in the Late Old Kingdom. ^[5]
Initially, control over the approximately 300,000 square kilometres of Egyptian territory outside of Memphis was exercised through royal centres called hwt, run by directly-appointed state officials. ^[6] At first there were no formal provincial boundaries; the hwt, a royal possession, might extend over several villages, large amounts of royal agricultural land, labourers, fields and cattle. The governor and staff of the hwt were responsible for irrigation works. ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] One notable change that occurred between the Fifth to Sixth Dynasties was that control over the hwt gradually passed from the royal administration to a provincial nobility. ^[9]
A religious network of temples, mortuary complexes and local cults spread over the landscape of Egypt between 2650 and 2350 BCE. Long viewed as an incarnation of an ancient sky and falcon god called Horus, from the Fourth Dynasty onward the Egyptian king also was considered the son of a sun god, Ra. ^[10] Ra grew in importance during the Old Kingdom and, around the beginning of the Fifth Dynasty, had essentially become an Egyptian state god. Although a common religious-ideological system prevailed throughout Old Kingdom Egypt centred on the divine authority of the king and a pantheon of deities and spirits, in general religious beliefs at this time were ’locally diverse and socially stratified’. ^[11] independent mortuary priests served cults at tombs dedicated to the afterlives of important individuals and local variation in the focus of worship remained an integral part of Egyptian religion. ^[11] On the burial chamber walls of King Unas, who reigned c. 2375-2345 BCE, we find the first Pyramid Texts, ’the earliest large religious composition known from ancient Egypt’. ^[4]

[1]: (Moreno García 2013, 196) Juan Carlos Moreno García. 2013. ’Building the Pharaonic State: Territory, Elite, and Power in Ancient Egypt during the 3rd Millennium BCE’, in Experiencing Power - Generating Authority: Cosmos and Politics in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, edited by J. A. Hill, Ph. H. Jones, A. J. Morales, 185-217. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

[2]: (Malek 2000, 95) Jaromir Malek. 2000. ’The Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2160 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 83-107. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[3]: (Papazian 2013, 46, 78) Hratch Papazian. 2013. ’Departments, Treasuries, Granaries and Work Centers’, in Ancient Egyptian Adminstration, edited by Juan Carlos Moreno García, 41-83. Leiden: Brill.

[4]: (Malek 2000, 102) Jaromir Malek. 2000. ’The Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2160 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 83-107. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[5]: (Papazian 2013, 67-68) Hratch Papazian. 2013. ’Departments, Treasuries, Granaries and Work Centers’, in Ancient Egyptian Adminstration, edited by Juan Carlos Moreno García, 41-83. Leiden: Brill.

[6]: (Moreno García 2013, 198) Juan Carlos Moreno García. 2013. ’Building the Pharaonic State: Territory, Elite, and Power in Ancient Egypt during the 3rd Millennium BCE’, in Experiencing Power - Generating Authority: Cosmos and Politics in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, edited by J. A. Hill, Ph. H. Jones, A. J. Morales, 185-217. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

[7]: (Van De Mieroop 2011, 80) Marc Van De Mieroop. 2011. A History of Ancient Egypt. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Chichester.

[8]: (Malek 2000, 94) Jaromir Malek. 2000. ’The Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2160 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 83-107. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[9]: (Kemp 1983, 108) Barry J. Kemp. 1983. ’Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c. 2686-1552 BC’, in Ancient Egypt: A Social History, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, Barry J. Kemp, David O’Connor and Alan B. Lloyd, 71-182. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[10]: (Kemp 1983, 71-72) Barry J. Kemp. 1983. ’Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c. 2686-1552 BC’, in Ancient Egypt: A Social History, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, Barry J. Kemp, David O’Connor and Alan B. Lloyd, 71-182. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[11]: (Malek 2000, 101) Jaromir Malek. 2000. ’The Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2160 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 83-107. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

2 Source Of Support

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

2 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

2 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

1 Communal Building

1 Utilitarian Public Building

1 Symbolic Building

1 Knowledge Or Information Building

1 Entertainment Building

1 Special Purpose House

1 Other Utilitarian Public Building

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

1 Trading Emporia

1 Special Purpose Site

1 Enclosure

1 Ceremonial Site

1 Burial Site

1 Other Special Purpose Site

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

2 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

1 Store Of Wealth

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

2 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

2 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

2 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

20 Power Transition

Instability Events

1 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1) was in:
(2650 BCE 2351 BCE)	Upper Egypt

Home NGA: Upper Egypt

General Variables

Identity and Location Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 R Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Original Name	Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Capital	Memphis Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Alternative Name	Old Kingdom of Egypt Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Alternative Name	Old Kingdom Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	2400 BCE Expert
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Duration	[2650 BCE ➜ 2350 BCE] Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Egypt - Late Old Kingdom Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Preceding Entity 2900 BCE 2687 BCE	Egypt - Dynasty II (eg_dynasty_2) [None] Expert
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Succeeding Entity 2350 BCE 2150 BCE	Egypt - Late Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_2) [continuity] Expert
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Language Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Afro-Asiatic Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Language	Ancient Egyptian Expert	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Religion Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	50,000 people Disputed	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	30,000 people Disputed	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Polity Territory	[75,000 to 350,000] km²	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Polity Population	[1,000,000 to 1,500,000] people	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Largest Communication Distance	[1,000 to 1,100]	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[4 to 5]	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Religious Level	6	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Military Level	[3 to 7]	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Administrative Level	7	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Professions Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Unknown Suspected	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Source Of Support	land	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Source Of Support	state salary	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Occupational Complexity	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Law Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Judge	Present Disputed	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Judge	Absent Disputed	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Court	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Disputed	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Market	Absent Disputed	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Irrigation System	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Communal Building	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Utilitarian Public Building	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Symbolic Building	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Knowledge Or Information Building	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Entertainment Building	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Special Purpose House	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Other Utilitarian Public Building	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Port	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Canal	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Bridge	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Trading Emporia	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Special Purpose Site	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Enclosure	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Ceremonial Site	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Burial Site	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Other Special Purpose Site	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Information / Writing System Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Script	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Sacred Text	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Religious Literature	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Practical Literature	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Philosophy	Present Disputed	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Philosophy	Absent Disputed	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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History	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Fiction	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Calendar	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Information / Money Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Precious Metal	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Article	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Store Of Wealth	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Information / Postal System Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Courier	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present Uncertain	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Wooden Palisade	Absent Uncertain	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moat	Present Uncertain	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moat	Absent Uncertain	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Ditch	Present Uncertain	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Ditch	Absent Uncertain	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Military use of Metals Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Iron	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Copper	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Projectiles Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Sling	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Javelin	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Handheld weapons Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Sword	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Spear	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Polearm	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Dagger	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Donkey	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Camel	Absent Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Armor Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Shield	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Limb Protection	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Helmet	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Breastplate	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Naval technology Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Unknown	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Unknown	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom (eg_old_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More